Table 3.
Adjusted Odds Ratios for Problem Gambling—with Different Controls for Gambling Involvement
| Descriptive statistics |
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3a |
Model 3b |
Model 3c |
Model 3d |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| na (%) | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | OR | 95% CI lower | 95% CI upper | |
| Whether purchased loot boxes in the past year | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||||||
| No | 3,072 (86.2) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 412 (12.1) | 12.0 | 7.7 | 18.7 | 9.0 | 5.7 | 14.3 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 5.5 | 14.1 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 9.5 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 5.4 |
| Unsure | 65 (1.8) | 5.7 | 2.3 | 14.2 | 4.4 | 1.8 | 10.9 | 4.6 | 1.6 | 13.1 | 4.7 | 1.9 | 11.5 | 5.2 | 2.1 | 12.9 | 10.0 | 2.3 | 44.2 |
| Sex | p = 0.462 | p = 0.463 | p = 0.568 | p = 0.973 | p = 0.563 | p = 0.413 | |||||||||||||
| Male | 1,627 (51.3) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Female | 1,922 (48.7) | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.3 | 0.8 | 0.5 | 1.3 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.1 |
| Age group | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.256 | p = 0.363 | p = 0.265 | ||||||||||||||
| 16–18 | 1,103 (33.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| 19–21 | 1,212 (31.0) | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 3.5 | 1.4 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 2.2 |
| 22–24 | 1,234 (35.6) | 1.7 | 1.0 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 0.8 | 0.4 | 1.4 |
| Ethnic group | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | |||||||||||||
| White/White British | 2,919 (81.9) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Asian | 258 (7.2) | 2.3 | 1.2 | 4.6 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 5.1 | 2.0 | 1.0 | 4.1 | 2.6 | 1.2 | 5.5 | 2.6 | 1.1 | 6.1 |
| Black | 58 (1.7) | 4.7 | 2.2 | 10.0 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 11.1 | 3.1 | 1.1 | 8.3 | 4.7 | 2.0 | 11.2 | 5.8 | 2.1 | 15.9 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 11.3 |
| Mixed/Other | 162 (4.5) | 5.2 | 2.7 | 9.9 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 9.8 | 5.0 | 2.1 | 11.9 | 4.4 | 2.0 | 9.7 | 5.5 | 2.7 | 11.5 | 6.5 | 2.5 | 16.8 |
| Unknown | 159 (4.6) | 3.0 | 1.3 | 6.6 | 3.2 | 1.5 | 7.2 | 3.8 | 1.7 | 8.6 | 3.2 | 1.4 | 7.3 | 4.7 | 2.1 | 10.7 | 4.6 | 1.8 | 11.5 |
| Economic status | p = 0.835 | p = 0.596 | p = 0.445 | p = 0.208 | p = 0.192 | ||||||||||||||
| In education, employment, or training | 3,107 (87.4) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||||||||||
| Not in education, employment, or training | 442 (12.6) | 1.1 | 0.6 | 1.9 | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.2 | 1.3 | 0.7 | 2.5 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 2.0 | 1.5 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 3.1 |
| Impulsivity | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||
| Impulsivity score | Mean score: 2.35 | 2.9 | 2.4 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.2 | |||
| Past-week gambler | p < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| No | 1,212 (80.5) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Yes | 284 (19.5) | 19.9 | 11.9 | 33.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Total money spent gambling in last week | p = 0.290 | ||||||||||||||||||
| £ (nonweekly gamblers = £0) | Mean £ = £7.20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 | |||||||||||||||
| Number of gambling activities in the past year | p < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Number of gambling activities | Mean: 1.05 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 1.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Frequency of gambling | p < 0.001 | ||||||||||||||||||
| Did not gamble in the past year/gambled once or twice a year | 2,986 (83.6) | 1 | |||||||||||||||||
| Gambled monthly | 208 (6.1) | 18.2 | 6.8 | 48.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Gambled fortnightly | 100 (2.9) | 35.9 | 12.2 | 105.6 | |||||||||||||||
| Gambled weekly | 138 (3.9) | 48.7 | 19.2 | 123.4 | |||||||||||||||
| Gambled more than weekly | 117 (3.5) | 79.4 | 29.1 | 216.4 | |||||||||||||||
a
Bases are unweighted while proportions/means are weighted.