Table 2.
The effects of thoracic epidural anesthesia and exercise on global hemodynamics
| Conditions | Rest | Exercise stages | Effects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T0 | T1 | T2 | T3 | TEA | Exercise | Interaction | ||
| Global hemodynamics | ||||||||
| HR (beats/min) |
Control TEA |
63 (11) 61 (13) |
82 (9) 76 (8) |
99 (14) 88 (9) |
117 (20) 106 (18) |
P = 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.205 |
| SBP (mmHg) |
Control TEA |
149 (18) 129 (22) |
163 (24) 139 (27) |
174 (28) 150 (28) |
183 (28) 161 (25) |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.931 |
| DBP (mmHg) |
Control TEA |
69 (11) 62 (10) |
67 (12) 62 (10) |
68 (11) 63 (11) |
72 (13) 68 (14) |
P < 0.001 | P = 0.002 | P = 0.448 |
| MAP (mmHg) |
Control TEA |
94 (12) 83 (12) |
95 (14) 86 (12) |
98 (13) 90 (12) |
103 (15) 97 (14) |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.417 |
| RPP (mmHg/min.1000) |
Control TEA |
9.3 (1.7) 7.8 (1.9) |
13.4 (2.2) 10.4 (1.9) |
17.1 (3.3) 13.0 (2.2) |
21.2 (3.9) 16.8 (2.7) |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.024 |
| CI (l/min/m2) |
Control TEA |
3.4 (0.9) 3.1 (0.7) |
4.8 (1.5) 3.8 (0.9) |
6.0 (1.9) 4.9 (1.1) |
7.6 (2.8) 6.2 (1.2) |
P < 0.001 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.215 |
| SVI (ml/m2) |
Control TEA |
54 (11) 52 (13) |
59 (18) 50 (10) |
60 (14) 54 (12) |
64 (17) 57 (12) |
P = 0.006 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.672 |
| SVR (dynes/s/cm5) |
Control TEA |
1155 (277) 1093 (222) |
847 (259) 905 (193) |
696 (209) 752 (164) |
586 (181) 630 (113) |
P = 0.389 | P < 0.001 | P = 0.535 |
Values at rest and during exercise are presented as mean (SD). Effects were determined by a linear mixed effects model (see Data analysis for details) and presented as P value. T0, 30 min after epidural injection of ropivacaine 0.75%/NaCl 0.9%; T1, after 3 min bicycling with 20% of maximal workload; T2, after 3 min bicycling with 40% of maximal workload; T3, after 3 min bicycling with 60% of maximal workload
TEA thoracic epidural anesthesia, HR heart rate, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, MAP mean arterial pressure, RPP rate pressure product, CI cardiac index, SVI stroke volume index, SVR systemic vascular resistance