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. 2021 Apr 23;12:2404. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-22736-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — Fermentation panel: Brockarchaeota can breakdown and assimilate of high molecular-weight plant-derived polysaccharides via fermentation and produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation via concerted action of PFO (present in all except QC4_43 and JZ-2.136), and ACD, present in hot spring genomes (GD2_1, JZ-1.89, DRTY-6.80, JZ-1.89, QC4_43, QZM_A2, QZM_A3). Acetate can also be assimilated back to acetyl-CoA by an acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS). Anaerobic methylotrophy panel: convergent pathways for formaldehyde and methylated compound assimilation also exist in Brockarchaeota. The RuMP (shown in black), reductive glycine pathway (rGlyP, shown in green), tetrahydrofolate methyl branch (H₄F-methyl, shown in blue), and methyltransferase system (shown in purple) that can lead to biomass production and energy conservation. An undescribed protein may be involved in the transfer of C1 moiety from the corrinoid protein to tetrahydrofolate (dashed purple arrows and be metabolized via H₄F methyl branch of the WLP (blue arrows). Chemolithotrophy panel: brockarchaeota found in hot springs may increase their energy yield from the oxidation of geothermally abundant compounds such as mercury (Hg), arsenate (AsO₄^3-), hydrogen (H₂), and elemental sulfur (S°). Abbreviations. Pathways: EMP Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas, NOPPP Non-Oxidative Pentoses Phosphate Pathway, WLP Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Enzymes: PFO pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and ACD acetate-CoA ligase (ADP-forming), PFL pyruvate formate lyase, ACS acetyl-CoA synthetase, AFOR tungsten-dependent aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, BDH butanol dehydrogenase (FTL) tetrahydrofolate (H₄F) ligase, FolD methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase/methylene-THF dehydrogenase, methylene-THF reductase MTHFR (methyltransferase system (MT), GlyA, serine hydroxymethyltransferase (GlyA), SDA-like serine deaminase-like protein, GCS glycine-cleavage system. Compounds: TMA trimethylamine. Dashed lines indicate potential novel enzymatic steps. White circles indicate enzymatic steps confirmed with phylogeny (more details can be found in Supplementary Figure 3). Created with BioRender.com.