Fig. 2.

Induction of oxidative stress by, e.g., cold or heat stressors. Oxidative stress triggers Nrf2/ARE signaling and NF-κB and eventually induces antioxidant protein expression and inflammatory response and apoptosis. ARE, antioxidant response element; BAX, BCL2 associated X; CASP8, caspase-8; CAT, catalase; G6PD, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase; GCLC and GCLM, glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic and regulatory subunits; GPx, glutathione peroxidase-1; GST, glutathione S-transferase; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HSP, heat shock proteins; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; NF-κB, nuclear factor kappa light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; NQO-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1; Nrf2, Nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2; PGES, prostaglandin E synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sMaf, small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TGF1β, transforming growth factor beta 1; UDPGT, uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase