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. 2021 Apr 23;11:8870. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-85408-x

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Co FL ELTD1/ADGRL4 stable overexpression in HUVECS induces the tip cell phenotype. (A) Illustration of full length codon optimised ADGRL4/ELTD1 within the pLenti6.2/V5-DEST lentiviral vector. (B) Stable overexpression of co FL ADGRL4/ELTD1 in HUVECs (batch 1) showed increased transcripts (qPCR), total protein (Western blot) and cell surface expression (FACS) compared to control HUVECs. HUVECS overexpressing co FL ADGRL4/ELTD1 showed (C) increased total spheroid surface area and number of sprouts, compared to controls at both 24 and 48 h; (D) increased capillary tube formation; (E) decreased number of vascular anastomoses/branches between adjacent vessels (arrowheads point to anastomotic branches); (F) reduced HUVEC proliferation.