Table 2.

Injury and Surgical Characteristics Injury characteristics, treatment details, and clinical results.

First author (Year)	Other injuries	Affected ligament	Treatment	Follow-up	Clinical results
Jeong (2018)	–	Dorsal ligament and volar oblique ligament	•Open reduction with ligamentous reconstruction using Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon on the left thumb •Closed reduction with fixation with K-wires on the right thumb	16 months	•Normal ROM and strength without joint instability •Mild stiffness, no pain or chronic instability of the left thumb
Lahiji (2015)	–	Dorsal and oblique collateral ligament	•Open reduction with ligamentous reconstruction (tendon not specified) •Closed reduction	–	•Near normal ROM without tenderness
Kose (2015)	–	–	Closed reduction	6 months	•Full ROM in the CMC joint, without pain or instability •Final hand radiographs demonstrated congruent CMC joint and trapezium fracture union
Annappa (2015)	–	Dorsal ligament complex	•Open reduction •Fixation with K-wires •Ligamentous reconstruction with Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon	2 years	•Full ROM without instability •No evidence of subluxation or early osteoarthritis
Wollstein (2016)	–	–	•Suspension and interposition arthroplasty •Removal of trapezium	6 months	•Re-gain of full function, stable MCP joint during power pinch and grip •Retrospective DASH improved to 78 vs. 100 pre-op
Takwale (2004)	–	Anterior oblique ligament	Ligamentous reconstruction with Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon	4 years	•Significant relief from pain and symptoms in 87% of the patients •Mean grip strength recovered to 86% of the contralateral side
Stauffer (2019)	–	–	Ligamentous reconstruction with Abductor Pollicis Longus tendon	Average 3.5 years (1.3–5.8)	•Mean DASH score: 13.3 •Mean VAS score: 1.1 at rest •Mean Nelson score: 87.7 •Mean Kapanji opposition score (ROM evaluation): 9.8/10 •No significant difference in grip, pinch strength, and passive stability between operated and non-operated hands
Baker (2014)	–	–	•Ligamentous reconstruction with Palmaris Longus tendon as an intermetacarpal spacer and sling •Trapeziectomy	6 months	•Post-op DASH score improved to 52.6 vs. 64.7 pre-op •Post-op VAS score improved to 0 vs. 8 pre-op •Postop grip strength (% contralateral) improved to 83 vs. 64 pre-op •Kapanji opposition score (ROM evaluation): 10/10 •No reported complications
Chan (2013)	–	–	Manipulation under anesthesia	2 months	•Full ROM of the first CMC joint without pain
Matshuhashi (2010)	•Median nerve recurrent branch injury	–	•Passive reduction •Opponenplasty with Flexor Digtorium Superficialis tendon	7 months	•Improved radial and palmar abduction •No apparent joint instability of the affected CMC joint •Articular congruity with reduction of CMC joint subluxation •Recovered thumb opposition
Suresh (2012)	–	–	Closed reduction	15 months	•Full ROM of the thumb, well reduced and stable TM joint without any signs of arthritis •Possible calcification in the straight anterolateral ligament
Lyengar (2013)	–	Anterior oblique ligament	•After failed closed reduction, modified Eaton-Littler technique •Fixation K-wires •Ligamentous reconstruction with Flexor Carpi Radialis tendon	1 year	•Full range of joint mobility of the thumb without pain •Return to pre-injury level of activity •Improved grip strength by Jamar hand dynamometer (10.6 kg pre op to 20.8 kg post op) and improved pinch grip (4.7 kg–6.5 kg)
Fotiadis (2010)	–	Dorsoradial ligament	•Closed reduction •Reconstruction of the dorsal capsuloligamentous complex due to joint instability	3 years	•Normal joint alignment, no evidence of subluxation, pain free •Return to pre-injury level of activity
Kraus (2014)	–	–	Closed reduction	–	•None reported (Emergency department case report)
Slocum (2019)	–	–	Closed reduction	2 years	•Full ROM of the thumb, well reduced and stable TM joint without any signs of arthritis •Return to pre-injury work and daily activity level

DASH: Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand Questionnaire; VAS: Visual Analogue Scale; ROM: Range of Motion; CMC: Carpometacarpal; MCP: Metacarpophalangeal.