Table 3:

Raw data values and summary of behavioral changes in naloxone precipitated withdrawal. Note that higher acetone and grimace scores, but lower heat withdrawal latencies indicate more pain. Arrows indicate change in fentanyl relative to saline groups. Values shown are median with 95% CI, followed by minimum, maximum, standard deviation, and sample size.

Test	Group	Mice			Rats
Withdrawal Scores	Saline	Median ± 95% CI	17.5, 4–30	↑	Median ± 95% CI	0, 0–2	↑
		Min	3		Min	0
		Max	45		Max	4
		SD	13.5		SD	1.3
		n	12		n	12a
	Fentanyl	Median ± 95% CI	23, 12–40		Median ± 95% CI	6, 4–6
		Min	9		Min	2
		Max	47		Max	9
		SD	13		SD	2.3
		n	15		n	17a
Mechanical (score for mice, grams for rats)	Saline	Median ± 95% CI	1.0, 1.0–1.3	-	Median ± 95% CI	n/a	n/a
		Min	1.0		Min	n/a
		Max	1.7		Max	n/a
		SD	0.25		SD	n/a
		n	14		n	n/a
	Fentanyl	Median ± 95% CI	1.0, 1.0–1.0		Median ± 95% CI	n/a
		Min	1.0		Min	n/a
		Max	1.3		Max	n/a
		SD	0.13		SD	n/a
		n	12		n	n/a
Heat (hotplate or Hargreaves, seconds)	Saline	Median ± 95% CI	117.3, 100.8–123.2	↓	Median ± 95% CI	2.9, 2.7–6.1	↑
		Min	93.6		Min	2.7
		Max	124.1		Max	6.1
		SD	11.0		SD	1.1
		n	14		n	8
	Fentanyl	Median ± 95% CI	97.1, 85–110		Median ±	5.7, 3.3–7.6
	Min	81.6	Min		2.9
	Max	123.3	Max		12.5
	SD	14.1	SD		2.7
	n	12	n		13
Cold	Saline	Median ± 95% CI	1.2, 1.0–1.7	-	Median ± 95% CI	n/a, did not respond	n/a
		Min	1.0		Min	n/a
		Max	1.7		Max	n/a
		SD	0.28		SD	n/a
		n	14		n	8
	Fentanyl	Median ± 95% CI	1.3, 1.0–1.7		Median ± 95% CI	n/a, did not respond
		Min	1.0		Min	n/a
		Max	2.0		Max	n/a
		SD	0.33		SD	n/a
		n	12		n	8
Grimace	Saline	Median ± 95% CI	0.26, 0.11–0.67	-	Median ± 95% CI	0.51, 0.45-0.67	↑
		Min	0.08		Min	0.05
		Max	0.71		Max	0.94
		SD	0.24		SD	0.25
		n	9		n	10
	Fentanyl	Median ± 95% CI	0.42, 0.18–0.79		Median ± 95% CI	1.08, 0.6–1.45
		Min	0.09		Min	0.30
		Max	0.86		Max	1.66
		SD	0.26		SD	0.46
		n	9		n	17