Table 1.
Cognitive function and covariates at baseline (2006–2010) according to death from COVID-19 (2020)
| COVID-19 mortality | p value | Hazard ratios (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 404) |
No (n = 502,251) |
|||
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 62.7 (6.03) | 56.5 (8.09) | < 0.0001 | 3.07 (2.67, 3.53) |
| Female, N (%) | 145 (35.9) | 273,327 (54.4) | < 0.0001 | 0.48 (0.38, 0.59) |
| Non-white ethnicity | 37 (9.27) | 26,997 (5.41) | 0.001 | 3.75 (2.67, 5.27) |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Vascular or heart disease, N (%) | 216 (54.3) | 149,139 (29.8) | < 0.0001 | 1.79 (1.46, 2.19) |
| Hypertension, N (%) | 313 (79.9) | 282,324 (57.2) | < 0.0001 | 1.70 (1.32, 2.19) |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 63 (15.8) | 26,345 (5.27) | < 0.0001 | 2.31 (1.75, 3.06) |
| Chronic bronchitis or emphysema, N (%) | 18 (4.46) | 8,334 (1.66) | < 0.0001 | 2.37 (1.47, 3.80) |
| Asthma, N (%) | 34 (8.42) | 57,879 (11.5) | 0.050 | 0.80 (0.56. 1.14) |
| Mental health—Psychiatric consultation, N (%) | 56 (14.1) | 57,625 (11.6) | 0.117 | 1.42 (1.07, 1.88) |
| Lifestyle factors | ||||
| Current smoker, N (%) | 50 (12.6) | 52,580 (10.5) | < 0.0001 | 1.88 (1.37, 2.59) |
| No physical activity, N (%) | 55 (14.0) | 32,804 (6.63) | < 0.0001 | 2.54 (1.90, 3.40) |
| Drinks alcohol daily/almost daily, N (%) | 85 (21.3) | 101,707 (20.3) | 0.641 | 0.88 (0.69, 1.12) |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 29.7 (5.83) | 27.4 (4.80) | < 0.0001 | 1.51 (1.39, 1.65) |
| Biomarkers | ||||
| Lung function, L, mean (SD) | 2.53 (0.87) | 2.81 (0.80) | < 0.0001 | 0.69 (0.60, 0.80) |
| C-reactive protein, mg/L, median (IQR) | 1.72 (0.83, 3.51) | 1.26 (0.63, 2.49) | 0.0001 | 1.26 (1.12, 1.41) |
| High-density lipoprotein, mmol/L, median (IQR) | 1.26 (1.09, 1.52) | 1.40 (1.17, 1.67) | 0.0001 | 0.79 (0.69, 0.90) |
| HbA1C, mmol/mol, median (IQR) | 36.7 (33.8, 40.7) | 35.2 (32.8, 37.9) | 0.0001 | 1.25 (1.16, 1.35) |
| Socioeconomic factors | ||||
| No university education, N (%) | 310 (80.7) | 330,988 (67.3) | < 0.0001 | 1.75 (1.35, 2.26) |
| Neighbourhood deprivation score, median (IQR) | −0.887 (−3.04, −2.48) | −2.14 (−3.64, 0.55) | 0.0001 | 1.45 (1.33, 1.59) |
| Personal service, sales occupations etc., N (%) | 54 (27.8) | 66,160 (19.0) | 0.002 | 1.57 (1.15, 2.16) |
| Cognitive factors | ||||
| Verbal-numeric reasoning, mean (SD) | 5.32 (2.20) | 6.02 (2.16) | 0.0002 | 1.32 (1.09, 1.59) |
| Reaction time, msec, mean (SD) | 606.1 (136.4) | 559.9 (118.2) | < 0.0001 | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) |
Hazard ratios are adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity and expressed per category, or per SD increase for continuous variables (except for reasoning which is expressed per SD decrease [disadvantage]). The maximum analytical sample of 502,655 people was lower in selected analyses owing to missing data