Table 2.
Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of measures of baseline cognitive function (2006–2010) with death from COVID-19 (2020)
| Adjusted for age, sex, and ethnicity | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and comorbidity | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and markers of socioeconomic status | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and lifestyle factors | Adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, and biological factors | Adjusted for all covariates | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Verbal-numeric reasoning | ||||||
| Cases/Number at risk | 125/180,198 | 123/177,361 | 90/145,975 | 119/177,545 | 77/126,190 | 58/101,731 |
| 1 (most disadvantaged) | 2.04 (1.30, 3.20) | 1.86 (1.18, 2.93) | 2.22 (1.26, 3.94) | 1.52 (0.95, 2.43) | 2.32 (1.30, 4.14) | 2.33 (1.16, 4.69) |
| 2 | 1.35 (0.86, 2.14) | 1.29 (0.81, 2.03) | 1.34 (0.78, 231) | 1.27 (0.80, 2.01) | 1.62 (0.90, 1.89) | 1.39 (0.73, 2.67) |
| 3 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| P for trend | 0.002 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.082 | 0.004 | 0.019 |
| Per SD disadvantage | 1.32 (1.09, 1.59) | 1.25 (1.04, 1.52) | 1.31 (1.02, 1.67) | 1.16 (0.96, 1.41) | 1.29 (1.01, 1.64) | 1.27 (0.94, 1.71) |
| Reaction time | ||||||
| Cases/Number at risk | 388/494,932 | 378/483,785 | 182/339,977 | 373/484,832 | 250/352,096 | 122/243,954 |
| 1 | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2 | 0.97 (0.73, 1.30) | 0.92 (0.69, 1.24) | 1.01 (0.67, 1.54) | 0.94 (0.70, 1.27) | 0.90 (0.62, 1.30) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.43) |
| 3 (most disadvantaged) | 1.50 (1.15, 1.95) | 1.40 (1.07, 1.83) | 1.66 (1.13, 2.44) | 1.35 (1.03, 1.77) | 1.50 (1.08, 2.09) | 1.75 (1.10, 2.77) |
| P for trend | 0.001 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Per SD disadvantage | 1.18 (1.09, 1.28) | 1.16 (1.07, 1.27) | 1.21 (1.07, 1.37) | 1.15 (1.06, 1.25) | 1.19 (1.07, 1.31) | 1.22 (1.04, 1.43) |
Comorbidities: diagnoses of vascular or heart disease, diabetes, chronic bronchitis or emphysema, asthma, hypertension, and mental illness
Socioeconomic status (SES): educational attainment, occupational classification, and area deprivation. Lifestyle factors: body mass index, smoking status, alcohol intake, and physical activity. Biomarkers: Forced expiratory volume in the first second, and blood concentrations of C-reactive protein, glycated haemoglobin, and high-density lipoprotein