Table 3.
Overall occurrence (n.) and percentage (%) of resistance to 11 antibiotics (ampicillin (Amp), cefotaxime (Cef), ceftazidime (Caz), nalidixic acid (Nal), ciprofloxacin (Cip), gentamicin (Gen), streptomycin (Str), chloramphenicol (Clo), colistin sulfate (Cl), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (Sul) and tetracycline (Tet)) in Salmonella spp. from amphibians (frogs), birds, environment, mammals, shellfish, reptiles and snails.
| Source | β-lactams | Quinolones | Aminoglycosides | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amp | Cef | Caz | Nal | Cip | Gen | Str | Clo | Cl | Sul | Tet | Suscept. 1 | |
| Amphibians | - | - | - | - | - | - | 2 (100.0%) | - | - | - | - | - |
| Birds | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | - | 1 (10.0%) | 1 (10.0%) | 3 (30.0%) | - | - | 2 (20.0%) | 4 (40.0%) | 3 (30.0%) |
| Environment | 1 (5.3%) | 1 (5.3%) | - | 2 (10.5%) | 1 (5.3%) | - | 4 (21.0%) | - | - | - | 2 (10.5%) | 12 (63.1%) |
| Mammals | 1 (1.6%) | 4 (6.3%) | 1 (1.6%) | 3 (4.8%) | 11 (17.5%) | 2 (3.2%) | 16 (25.4%) | 2 (3.2%) | 1 (1.6%) | 17 (27.0%) | 3 (4.8%) | 28 (44.4%) |
| Reptiles | - | - | - | - | 1 (11.1%) | - | 7 (77.8%) | - | 1 (11.1%) | 2 (22.2%) | - | 2 (22.2%) |
| Shellfish | 15 (25.9%) | 5 (8.6%) | 1 (1.7%) | 6 (10.3%) | 10 (17.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | 21 (36.2%) | 4 (6.9%) | - | 16 (27.6%) | 20 (34.5%) | 15 (25.9%) |
| Snails | 1 (33.3%) | - | - | 1 (33.3%) | - | - | 3 (100.0%) | - | - | 1 (33.3%) | - | - |
| Total | 19 (11.6%) | 11 (6.7%) | 3 (1.8%) | 12 (7.3%) | 24 (14.6%) | 4 (2.4%) | 56 (34.1%) | 6 (3.7%) | 2 (1.2%) | 38 (23.2%) | 29 (17.7%) | 60 (36.6%) |
1 Suscept. = strains sensitive to all antibiotics used.