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Effect of memantine on spinal glutamate and inflammatory mediators. Spinal cord samples were analyzed for (A) glutamate, (B) TNF-α, and (C) IL-1β. Data are the mean ± SDM and analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. DM: diabetes mellitus mice, and SDM: standard deviation of the mean, TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β: interlukin-1β. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, and **** p < 0.0001, versus the saline group; #### p < 0.0001 versus the DM group.
