Table 2.
In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Hypoxia-preconditioned MSCs in Stroke Recovery.
| Condition | Cell Type | Secretome Changes | In Vitro Effects | In Vivo Effects | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hypoxia | Rat BMSC | Increased HIF-1a, VEGF, FIK-1 SDF-1, CXCR4, BDNF, GDNF, EPO, EPOR, Angiotensin-1; Decreased Complement C3 and C5, IL-1α, L tb, Tnfrsf1a, Tnfrsf1b | - | Higher vessel density in ischemic core and penumbra; Stronger inhibition of OX-42+ microglia; Increased NeuN+ cells; Significant increase in motor function recovery; | [196] |
| Stroke Serum | Rat BMSC | Increased miR-20a | Enhanced MSC proliferation | - | [199] |
| Hypoxia (CoCl2) | Human MSC | Increased miR-124a, HIF-1α, DCX, Tuj1, | Increased neuronal differentiation | - | [200] |
| Ischemic Brain extract | Human MSC | Increased BDNF, VEGF, and HGF | - | - | [201] |
| Hypoxia | Rat BMSC | - | - | Reduced infarct volume; Decreased extravascular leakage; Increased angiogenesis and improved blood flow; Decreased behavioral deficits; | [202] |
| MCAO Rat Brain Extract | Rat AD-MSC | Increased miR-212, miR-181b; | Increased OGD-BMEC migration and angiogenesis; Increased BMEC expression of HIF-1α, VEGF; Decreased BMEC expression of TIMP-3 | - | [115] |
| Hypoxia | hUCB-MSC | Increased Thrombospondin1, Pantraxin3, VEGF | - | - | [203] |
| Hypoxia | Rat BMSC | - | - | Increased migration of MSCs to infarct region possibly due to upregulation of CXCR4, MMP-2, and MMP-9; Reduced brain infarct volume and cell death; Attenuated neurological deficits; | [204] |
| Hypoxia | hUCB-MSC | Increased VEGF, Angiogenin, IGF, IL-6, Tie-2/TEK, UPAR | - | - | [197] |
| Hypoxia | Rat BMSC | - | Increased proliferation and migration possibly due to activation of PI3K/AKT pathway | Reduced cerebral inflammation and edema; Increased reduction of TNFα and S100B; | [205] |
| Hypoxia | Aged human BMSC | Increased VEGF | Increased viability of OGD neurons | - | [206] |