Table 2.
Comparison of childrearing and parental mental health at one and three months after birth.
| Variables | EPDS 1 Month |
EPDS 3 Months |
MIBS 1 Month |
MIBS 3 Months |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M ± SD or r | p | M ± SD or r | p | M ± SD or r | p | M ± SD or r | p | |
| Scores | 5.7 ± 4.0 | - | 4.6 ± 5.2 | - | 2.3 ± 2.3 | - | 1.3 ± 1.6 | - |
| Time of recruitment | ||||||||
| Age | 0.019 | 0.929 | 0.064 | 0.766 | 0.098 | 0.648 | 0.159 | 0.458 |
| Educational level | 0.078 | 0.124 | 0.545 | 0.796 | ||||
| 9–12 years | 7.8 ±4.3 | 7.8 ± 7.6 | 2.8 ± 2.2 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | ||||
| >12 years | 4.7 ± 3.6 | 3.0 ± 2.4 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 1.2 ± 1.6 | ||||
| Marital relationship (MLS) | 0.113 | 0.598 | −0.110 | 0.610 | 0.011 | 0.958 | −0.194 | 0.363 |
| Perceived planning for pregnancy | 0.914 | 0.382 | 0.686 | 0.260 | ||||
| Planned/Whenever | 5.8 ± 3.5 | 3.8 ± 4.6 | 2.5 ± 2.5 | 0.9 ± 1.3 | ||||
| Unplanned | 5.6 ± 4.8 | 5.7 ± 5.9 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.7 ± 2.0 | ||||
| Participation in prenatal education | 0.201 | 0.346 | 0.166 | 0.438 | −0.050 | 0.817 | 0.217 | 0.307 |
| Infertility treatment | 0.662 | 0.872 | 0.802 | 0.639 | ||||
| Yes | 6.3 ± 4.6 | 4.9 ± 6.5 | 2.1 ± 2.2 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | ||||
| No | 5.5 ± 3.9 | 4.5 ± 4.7 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | ||||
| Pregnancy complications | 0.669 | 0.795 | 0.227 | 0.947 | ||||
| Yes | 5.1 ± 3.7 | 4.1 ± 3.7 | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 1.3 ± 1.5 | ||||
| No | 5.9 ± 4.2 | 4.8 ± 5.7 | 2.7 ± 2.4 | 1.2 ± 1.7 | ||||
| Childbirth | ||||||||
| Gestational age at childbirth | 0.047 | 0.826 | −0.009 | 0.966 | 0.149 | 0.487 | 0.026 | 0.905 |
| Types of childbirth | 0.523 | 0.559 | 0.316 | 0.512 | ||||
| Vaginal birth | 6.0 ± 4.3 | 4.3 ± 4.6 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | ||||
| Caesarean section | 4.5 ± 2.5 | 6.0 ± 8.3 | 1.3 ± 1.9 | 0.8 ± 1.0 | ||||
| First month postpartum | ||||||||
| Coparenting relationship | ||||||||
| CRS Total | −0.560 | 0.004 | −0.119 | 0.579 | ||||
| Coparenting Agreement | −0.548 | 0.006 | −0.243 | 0.253 | ||||
| Coparenting Closeness | −0.383 | 0.064 | −0.231 | 0.277 | ||||
| Exposure to Conflict | −0.563 | 0.004 | 0.064 | 0.765 | ||||
| Coparenting Support | −0.222 | 0.298 | 0.138 | 0.519 | ||||
| Coparenting Undermining | −0.553 | 0.005 | −0.321 | 0.126 | ||||
| Endorsement of Partner’s Parenting | −0.338 | 0.106 | −0.032 | 0.881 | ||||
| Division of Labor | −0.364 | 0.080 | −0.009 | 0.965 | ||||
| Feeding of baby | 0.118 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding only | 4.4 ± 3.2 | 2.3 ± 2.6 | ||||||
| Using formula | 7.0 ± 4.5 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Support for child-rearing | 0.676 | 0.939 | ||||||
| Mother’s parents | 5.6 ± 4.2 | 2.4 ± 2.4 | ||||||
| Others/nobody | 6.5 ± 3.7 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | ||||||
| Father’s child-rearing time | ||||||||
| Work day | 00.197 | −0.235 | ||||||
| Day off | −0.107 | −0.182 | ||||||
| Third month postpartum | ||||||||
| Coparenting relationship | ||||||||
| CRS Total | −0.864 | <0.001 | −0.154 | 0.474 | ||||
| Coparenting Agreement | −0.783 | <0.001 | −0.237 | 0.265 | ||||
| Coparenting Closeness | −0.672 | <0.001 | 0.043 | 0.843 | ||||
| Exposure to Conflict | −0.756 | <0.001 | −0.138 | 0.521 | ||||
| Coparenting Support | −0.672 | <0.001 | 0.002 | 0.992 | ||||
| Coparenting Undermining | −0.583 | 0.003 | −0.289 | 0.170 | ||||
| Endorsement of Partner’s Parenting | −0.761 | <0.001 | −0.187 | 0.383 | ||||
| Division of Labor | −0.668 | <0.001 | −0.082 | 0.455 | ||||
| Feeding of baby | 0.353 | 0.188 | ||||||
| Breastfeeding only | 3.9 ± 4.6 | 0.9 ±1.4 | ||||||
| Using formula | 6.0 ± 6.3 | 1.9 ± 2.0 | ||||||
| Support for child-rearing | 0.099 | 0.639 | ||||||
| Mother’s parents | 2.9 ± 2.6 | 1.4 ± 1.7 | ||||||
| Others/nobody | 8.6 ± 7.6 | 1.0 ± 1.5 | ||||||
| Father’s child-rearing time | ||||||||
| Work day | −0.224 | 0.253 | −0.235 | 0.405 | ||||
| Day off | −0.320 | 0.105 | −0.182 | 0.302 | ||||
EPDS: Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; MIBS: Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale; MLS: Marital Love Scale; CRS: Coparenting Relationship Scale. Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) or Student’s t-test (mean ± standard deviation) was conducted depending on continuous or categorical variables, respectively.