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Acetocarmine (a,b) and Alexander (c,d) staining of pollens taken from mature anthers in control (a,c) and 2000 mg L−1 nCeO2 treatment (b,d). The anthers of control plants indicate higher viability by showing more colorful and complete filling pollens. In contrast, incomplete filing pollens with crumpled shapes indicate less viability. Pollen abnormality and pollen viability at different concentrations compared to control are represented in (e) and (f), respectively.
