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Astaxanthin mechanism of action in neuropathic pain. Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2, Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein, Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, Akt: Protein kinase B, ASX: astaxanthin, CREB: cAMP Response element-binding protein, MERK: Mitogen-extracellular signal-regulated kinases, MIF: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor, NR2B: N-methyl D-aspartate receptor subtype 2B, GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid.
