Table 1.

Characteristics of the included studies and study population.

Study authors	Year	Country	Study design	Index test	na	Population
Chen et al [14]	2020	China	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECGb and PPGc	401	Inpatients and outpatients aged >18 years in a cardiovascular department
Lown et al [15]	2020	United Kingdom	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	415	Participants aged >65 years (n=79 with AFd and n=336 without AF)
Wegner et al [16]	2020	Germany	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	92	Inpatients with no predefined exclusion criteria
Yan et al [17]	2020	Hong Kong	Prospective, cross-sectional	PPG	44	20 patients with permanent AF and 24 control individuals in sinus rhythm
Reverberi et al [18]	2019	Italy	Prospective, longitudinal	Non-12-lead ECG	95	Patients aged >18 years diagnosed with AF and scheduled for elective cardioversion
Proesmans et al [19]	2019	Belgium	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG & PPG	223	Patients aged ≥65 years, individuals with known AF and supplemented with individuals without AF
Himmelreich et al [20]	2019	Netherlands	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	214	Patients aged ≥18 years assigned to 12-lead ECG for any nonacute indication
Haverkamp et al [21]	2019	Norway	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	94	Patients admitted to the cardiology ward with ongoing 12-lead ECG surveillance
Fan et al [22]	2019	China	Prospective, cross-sectional	PPG	108	Patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the hospital
Yan et al [23]	2018	Hong Kong	Prospective, cross-sectional	PPG	217	Patients admitted to the cardiology ward
William et al [24]	2018	United States	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	52	Patients aged 35-85 years diagnosed with AF and scheduled for anti-arrhythmic drug initiation
Rozen et al [25]	2018	United States	Prospective, longitudinal	PPG	98	Patients aged >18 years diagnosed with AF and scheduled for elective DCe cardioversion
Bumgarner et al [26]	2018	United States	Prospective, longitudinal	Non-12-lead ECG	100	Patients aged 18-90 years diagnosed with AF and scheduled for elective cardioversion
Lown et al [27]	2018	United Kingdom	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	418	Patients aged >65 years (n=82 with AF and n=336 without AF)
Desteghe et al [28]	2016	Belgium	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	265	Patients aged ≥18 years admitted to the cardiology ward
Haberman et al [29]	2015	United States	Prospective, cross-sectional	Non-12-lead ECG	381	Athletes, students, and patients of an ambulatory cardiology clinic

^an: number of participants.

^bECG: electrocardiogram.

^cPPG: photoplethysmography.

^dAF: atrial fibrillation.

^eDC: direct current.