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. 2021 Apr 9;23(4):e24639. doi: 10.2196/24639

Table 3.

Further reasons for refusal to participate in relation to patient characteristics (N=262).

Characteristic Transport/logistics No specific reason

Yes (n=26) No (n=235) Yes (n=11) No (n=251)
Age (years), mean (SD) 62.4 (10.3) 59.0 (11.3) 59.9 (10.8) 59.2 (11.4)
Race, n (%)




Caucasian 19 (73) 188 (80.0) 10 (91) 197 (78.5)

African American 6 (23) 41 (17.4) 1 (9) 46 (18.3)

Other 1 (4) 7 (3.0) 0 (0) 8 (3.2)
Men, n (%) 16 (62) 134 (57.0) 6 (55) 144 (57.4)
High school education or above, n (%) 11 (42) 105 (44.7) 6 (55) 110 (43.8)
Potential caregiver not spouse, n (%) 15 (58) 137 (58.3) 5 (45) 148 (59.0)
Alcohol etiology, n (%) 10 (38) 122 (51.9) 7 (64) 125 (49.8)
Prior HEa, n (%) 14 (54) 136 (57.9) 6 (55) 145 (57.8)
Lactulose use, n (%) 15 (58) 137 (58.3) 6 (55) 146 (58.2)
Rifaximin use, n (%) 7 (27) 93 (39.6) 5 (45) 96 (38.2)
Taking psychoactive medications, n (%) 4 (15) 53 (22.6) 4 (36) 53 (21.1)
Taking opioids, n (%) 5 (19) 66 (28.1) 4 (36) 67 (26.7)
MELDb score on admission, mean (SD) 16.3 (6.3) 18.6 (8.6) 17.9 (8.7) 18.4 (8.4)
Reason for admission, n (%)




Infection 7 (27) 74 (31.5) 2 (18) 79 (31.5)

HE 11 (42) 70 (29.8) 2 (18) 80 (31.9)

Renal or metabolic disease 9 (35) 88 (37.4) 3 (27) 94 (37.5)

Gastrointestinal bleeding 5 (19) 44 (18.7) 3 (27) 47 (18.7)

Otherc 7 (27) 137 (58.3) 4 (36) 140 (55.8)

aMELD: Model for End-stage Liver Disease.

bHE: hepatic encephalopathy.

cSignificant difference for transport/logistics (P=.002).