Table 3.
Effect of hesperidin (E), naringin (N) and vitamin E (VE) on intramuscular fat content, fatty acid profile and atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices in the pectoralis major breast muscle.
| Tissue: Breast | Treatment (LSM) | p-Linear | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | C | E1 | E2 | N1 | N2 | VE | SEM | p-Value | C-E1-E2 | C-N1-N2 |
| FA (% of Total) | ||||||||||
| C6:0 | 0.018 | 0.006 C | 0.014 | 0.007 | 0.011 | 0.012 | 0.0027 | * | NS | NS |
| C10:0 | 0.016 | 0.017 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.017 | 0.0032 | NS | NS | NS |
| C12:0 | 0.018 | 0.015 | 0.021 | 0.014 | 0.017 | 0.020 | 0.0030 | NS | NS | NS |
| C14:0 | 0.45 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.01 | NS | NS | NS |
| C14:1 | 0.071 | 0.072 | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.070 | 0.060 | 0.0044 | NS | NS | NS |
| C15:0 | 0.080 | 0.076 | 0.082 | 0.082 | 0.080 | 0.079 | 0.0028 | NS | NS | NS |
| C16:0 | 25.60 | 24.33 C | 24.74 | 24.81 | 24.29 C | 24.24 C | 0.28 | ** | * | ** |
| C16:1 | 3.22 | 3.29 | 3.01 | 2.91 | 3.05 | 2.93 | 0.16 | NS | NS | NS |
| C17:0 | 0.112 | 0.102 | 0.113 | 0.114 | 0.110 | 0.114 | 0.005 | NS | NS | NS |
| C17:1 | 0.071 | 0.070 | 0.070 | 0.068 | 0.069 | 0.065 | 0.004 | NS | NS | NS |
| C18:0 | 8.14 | 6.98 C,VE | 6.88 C,VE | 7.14 C,VE | 7.48 | 7.87 | 0.17 | **** | **** | * |
| C18:1 | 33.68 | 33.45 | 33.12 | 33.28 | 33.53 | 33.88 | 0.36 | NS | NS | NS |
| C18:2n-6 | 22.89 | 25.06 C | 25.69 C,VE | 25.39 C,VE | 24.65 C | 23.66 | 0.38 | **** | **** | ** |
| C18:3n-3 | 1.71 | 1.81 VE | 1.79 | 1.74 | 1.76 | 1.65 | 0.04 | * | 0.1 | NS |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.435 | 0.352 | 0.417 | 0.437 | 0.410 | 0.395 | 0.038 | NS | NS | NS |
| C20:4n-6 | 0.202 | 0.230 | 0.203 | 0.215 | 0.193 | 0.193 | 0.009 | * | NS | NS |
| C20:5n-3 | 2.03 | 2.15 VE | 2.17 VE | 2.17 VE | 2.53 | 3.08 C | 0.20 | ** | NS | 0.07 |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.028 | 0.251 C,VE | 0.022 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.054 | 0.019 | **** | NS | * |
| C22:6 n-3 | 1.29 | 1.42 | 1.17 | 1.15 | 1.32 | 1.32 | 0.10 | NS | NS | NS |
| SFA | 34.42 | 31.95 C | 32.29 C | 32.59 C | 32.42 C | 32.76 C | 0.34 | **** | *** | ** |
| MUFA | 37.04 | 36.88 | 36.26 | 36.32 | 36.72 | 36.94 | 0.45 | NS | NS | NS |
| PUFA | 28.57 | 31.26 C | 31.46 C | 31.11 C | 30.87 C | 30.35 | 0.48 | *** | *** | ** |
| PUFA/SFA | 0.831 | 0.980 C | 0.977 C | 0.956 C | 0.953 C | 0.927 C | 0.021 | **** | **** | ** |
| n-6 | 23.09 | 25.29 C | 25.89 C,VE | 25.61 C,VE | 24.84 C | 23.85 | 0.37 | **** | **** | ** |
| n-3 | 5.05 | 5.62 | 5.15 VE | 5.06 VE | 5.62 | 6.10 C | 0.21 | ** | NS | NS |
| n-6/n-3 | 4.62 | 4.54 | 5.10 VE | 5.14 VE | 4.44 | 3.98 | 0.18 | **** | NS | NS |
| AI | 0.418 | 0.383 C | 0.392 | 0.393 C | 0.385 C | 0.386 C | 0.006 | ** | ** | ** |
| TI | 0.753 | 0.660 C | 0.689 C | 0.701 | 0.674 C | 0.667 C | 0.015 | *** | ** | ** |
C (no supplementation), E1 (0.75 g of hesperidin per kg of feed), E2 (1.5 g hesperidin/kg feed), N1 (0.75 g naringin/kg feed), N2 (1.5 g naringin/kg feed) and VE (0.2 g a-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed). Significance of treatment (p) and linear dose-response to E and N (p-linear) are shown. C: Means differ significantly from C (p < 0.05). VE: Means differ significantly from VE (p < 0.05). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. NS: not significant.