Table 4.
Effect of hesperidin (E), naringin (N) and vitamin E (VE) on intramuscular fat content, fatty acid profile and atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices in the biceps femoris thigh muscle.
| Tissue: Thigh | Treatment | p-Linear | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | C | E1 | E2 | N1 | N2 | VE | SEM | p-Value | C-E1-E2 | C-N1-N2 |
| FA (% of Total) | ||||||||||
| C6:0 | 0.004 | 0.010 C | 0.005 | 0.004 | 0.007 | 0.006 | 0.001 | * | NS | NS |
| C10:0 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.008 | 0.008 | 0.007 | 0.001 | NS | NS | NS |
| C12:0 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.022 | 0.022 | 0.020 | 0.001 | NS | NS | NS |
| C14:0 | 0.468 | 0.481 | 0.467 | 0.466 | 0.486 VE | 0.442 | 0.010 | * | NS | NS |
| C14:1 | 0.088 | 0.091 | 0.080 | 0.079 | 0.091 | 0.077 | 0.005 | NS | NS | NS |
| C15:0 | 0.075 | 0.079 | 0.080 | 0.082 | 0.080 | 0.078 | 0.003 | NS | NS | NS |
| C16:0 | 23.97 | 23.94 | 24.24 | 24.06 | 23.89 | 23.27 | 0.28 | NS | NS | NS |
| C16:1 | 4.250 | 4.403 | 3.943 | 3.956 | 4.509 | 3.956 | 0.198 | NS | NS | NS |
| C17:0 | 0.080 | 0.083 | 0.090 | 0.089 | 0.083 | 0.087 | 0.006 | NS | NS | NS |
| C17:1 | 0.107 | 0.106 | 0.102 | 0.110 | 0.112 | 0.106 | 0.005 | NS | NS | NS |
| C18:0 | 5.438 | 5.413 | 5.599 | 5.038 | 5.324 | 5.649 | 0.225 | NS | NS | NS |
| C18:1 | 35.89 | 36.14 | 35.46 | 35.15 | 35.91 | 37.34 | 0.54 | ^ | NS | NS |
| C18:2n-6 | 25.34 | 25.41 | 25.77 | 26.85 | 25.64 | 25.16 | 0.54 | NS | NS | NS |
| C18:3n-3 | 2.094 | 2.083 | 2.135 | 2.151 | 2.118 | 2.064 | 0.035 | NS | NS | NS |
| C20:3n-6 | 0.139 | 0.148 | 0.159 | 0.163 | 0.155 | 0.143 | 0.010 | NS | NS | NS |
| C20:4n-6 | 0.228 | 0.225 | 0.222 | 0.224 | 0.225 | 0.221 | 0.008 | NS | NS | NS |
| C20:5n-3 | 0.963 | 0.956 | 1.057 | 1.146 | 1.007 | 1.046 | 0.081 | NS | NS | NS |
| C22:5n-3 | 0.046 | 0.057 | 0.046 | 0.004 | 0.009 | 0.020 | 0.010 | ** | NS | ** |
| C22:6n-3 | 0.821 | 0.374 C | 0.567 C,VE | 0.403 C | 0.331 C | 0.315 C | 0.041 | **** | ** | **** |
| SFA | 30.06 | 30.03 | 30.51 | 29.76 | 29.89 | 29.55 | 0.32 | NS | NS | NS |
| MUFA | 40.33 | 40.74 | 39.59 | 39.29 | 40.62 | 41.48 | 0.63 | NS | NS | NS |
| PUFA | 29.63 | 29.25 | 29.96 | 30.94 | 29.48 | 28.97 | 0.64 | NS | NS | NS |
| PUFA/SFA | 0.988 | 0.975 | 0.984 | 1.040 | 0.988 | 0.983 | 0.027 | NS | NS | NS |
| n-6 | 25.56 | 25.63 | 25.99 | 27.07 | 25.86 | 25.38 | 0.54 | NS | NS | NS |
| n-3 | 3.923 | 3.470 | 3.805 | 3.704 | 3.464 | 3.446 | 0.118 | * | NS | ^ |
| n-6/n-3 | 6.578 | 7.412 C | 6.859 | 7.329 C | 7.500 C | 7.400 C | 0.156 | *** | NS | ** |
| AI | 0.370 | 0.370 | 0.376 | 0.370 | 0.369 | 0.356 | 0.006 | NS | NS | NS |
| TI | 0.667 | 0.683 | 0.684 | 0.666 | 0.679 | 0.670 | 0.012 | NS | NS | NS |
C (no supplementation), E1 (0.75 g of hesperidin per kg of feed), E2 (1.5 g hesperidin/kg feed), N1 (0.75 g naringin/kg feed), N2 (1.5 g naringin/kg feed) and VE (0.2 g a-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed). Significance of treatment (P) and linear dose–response to E and N (p-linear) are shown. C: Means differ significantly from C (p < 0.05). VE: Means differ significantly from VE (p < 0.05). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, ^ 0.10 > p > 0.05. NS: not significant.