Table 6.
Effects of hesperidin (E), naringin (N) and vitamin E (VE) on mean expression of adiponectin (ADIPOQ), fatty acid synthase (FASN) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) in the breast pectoralis major (breast) muscle and abdominal adipose tissue (fat pad).
| Treatment Mean ± SEM | p-Value | p-Linear | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C | E1 | E2 | N1 | N2 | VE | E | N | VE | C-E1-E2 | C-N1-N2 | |
| Breast muscle | |||||||||||
| ADIPOQ | 1 ± 0.11 | 1.28 ± 0.06 | 1.11 ± 0.08 | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 0.87 ± 0.04 | 1.00 ± 0.09 | * | ^ | NS | NS | NS |
| FASN | 1 ± 0.09 | 1.26 ± 0.12 | 1.77 ± 0.19 | 1.36 ± 0.08 | 1.37 ± 0.12 | 1.09 ± 0.07 | *** | ^ | NS | **** | ** |
| PPARγ | 1 ± 0.12 | 0.98 ± 0.09 | 1.09 ± 0.17 | 1.05 ± 0.07 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| Fat pad | |||||||||||
| ADIPOQ | 1 ± 0.08 | 0.96 ± 0.25 | 1.46 ± 0.29 | 1.11 ± 0.32 | 1.06 ± 0.3 | 1.09 ± 0.18 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| FASN | 1 ± 0.06 | 1.82 ± 0.56 | 1.15 ± 0.19 | 1.29 ± 0.27 | 1.09 ± 0.22 | 1.33 ± 0.18 | ^ | NS | NS | NS | NS |
| PPARγ | 1 ± 0.17 | 1.27 ± 0.47 | 1.33 ± 0.17 | 0.8 ± 0.22 | 0.74 ± 0.17 | 1.01 ± 0.28 | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Expression is relative to the control group. Significance of hesperidin (E), naringin (N) and vitamin E (VE) treatment effects (p-value) and linear dose–response relationship of E and N (p-linear) are shown. C (no supplementation), E1 (0.75 g of hesperidin per kg of feed), E2 (1.5 g hesperidin/kg feed), N1 (0.75 g naringin/kg feed), N2 (1.5 g naringin/kg feed) and VE (0.2 g a-tocopheryl acetate/kg feed). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001, ^ 0.10 > p > 0.05. NS: not significant.