Table 1.

Virulence factors other than stx and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) encoded in the genome of E. coli phages.

Source of Phage	Virulence Factor or ARG	E. coli Strain *	Phage	Phage Replication	Reference
Induced from bacteria	Toxin: Cytolethal distending toxin I	Enteropathogenic E. coli O127:H7	CDT-1φ	Temperate	[170]
Induced from bacteria	Toxin: Cytolethal distending toxin V	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7	φ125	Temperate	[171]
		Environmental E. coli O22:H8	φ62
Sequenced from bacteria	Toxin: Cytolethal distending toxin V	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H43	P2-like	Non-inducible, temperate	[172]
Induced from bacteria	Adhesion: Lom	Diverse E. coli strains	Various lambdoid phages	Temperate	[173]
Induced from bacteria	Serum resistance: Bor	Diverse E. coli strains	Various lambdoid phages	Temperate	[173]
Induced from bacteria	Immunoglobulin binding protein: EibD	E. coli reference strain ECOR-9		Temperate	[174]
Induced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: Cif	Enteropathogenic E. coli O103:H2	Cif-encoding phage	Temperate	[175]
Sequenced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: EspF (TccP)	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 Sakai	CP-933U	Cryptic prophage	[176]
Sequenced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: EspJ	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 Sakai	CP-933U	Cryptic prophage	[176]
Sequenced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: EspL2	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7 Sakai	SpLE3 phage-like element	Unknown	[177]
Induced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: NleA	Attaching-effacing E. coli O84:H4	Stx1 phage	Temperate	[51]
Induced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: NleB, NleC, NleH, NleG espJ, and nleA/espI	Enteropathogenic E. coli Enterohemorrhagic E. coli	Cif-encoding phage	Temperate	[175]
Sequenced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: NleC	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7	CP-933K	Cryptic prophage	[178]
Sequenced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: NleD	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7	CP-933K	Cryptic prophage	[178]
Induced from bacteria	T3SS effector protein: NleH	Enteropathogenic E. coli O127:H7		Temperate	[170]
Induced from bacteria	Metabolism: NanS-p, O-acetyl esterase for the use of sialic acids	Enterohemorrhagic E. coli O157:H7	Various phages	Temperate	[102]
Sequenced from bacteria	ARG: aadA1, aadA2, aadA22, aac(3)-Via and APH(4)-IablaTEM,cmlA1, drfA, mefB sul1, sul3, and tet(C)	Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)	Various phages	Temperate	[179]
Isolated from vegetables	ARG: blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M9, blaVIM, mecA, armA, qnrA, sul1	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli WG5 strain	Phage pool	Unknown	[180]
Isolated from soil	ARG: blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M9, armA, qnrA, qnrS, sul1	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli WG5 strain	Phage pool	Unknown	[180]
Isolated from meat	ARG: blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M9, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, armA, qnrA, qnrS, sul1	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli WG5 strain	Phage pool	Unknown	[181]
Isolated from chicken meat	ARG: aphA1, blaTEM,floR, tetA	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli DSM 12242 strain	Various phages	Virulent	[182]
Isolated from fish	ARG: blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, blaCTX-M9, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, armA, qnrA, tetW, sul1	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. Coli WG5 strain	Phage pool	Unknown	[183]
Isolated from dog urine	ARG: blaTEM, sulI, sulII, or strA	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli DSM 12242 strain	Various phages	Virulent	[184]
Isolated from surfaces of equine veterinary clinics	ARG: addA1, cmlA	Replicative on non-pathogenic E. coli DSM 12242 strain	Various phages	Virulent	[185]
Isolated from wastewater	ARG: Fragments of blaTEM, cmlA, qnrS, tetM, mcr-1 sul 3, and sul4)	Replicative on various multidrug-resistant E. coli hosts	Two T7-Like phages	Virulent	[186]
Isolated from soil and water	ARG: blaCTX-M	Replicative on blaCTX-M—negative environmental E. coli isolates	Seven T4-Like phages	Virulent	[187]
Induced from bacteria	ARG: blaSHV-2	Clinical E. coli O8:H19	P1-like phage RCS47	Temperate plasmid-like	[188]

* Definitions of pathogenic E. coli are according to Nataro and Kaper [131]; ARG: antibiotic resistance genes; T3SS: type III secretion system.