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Redox regulation in ER during proinsulin folding. Disulfide bonds are formed by disulfide isomerase (PDI) together with ER oxidoreductin (ERO) oxidoreductases while giving rise to H2O2. This can be attenuated by PRX4/TRX or GPX7,8/GSH redox couples in conjunction with cytosolic redox status. PDI—disulfide isomerase, ERO—ER oxidoreductin, PRX—peroxiredoxin, TRX—thioredoxin, GPX—glutathione peroxidase, GSH—glutathione.
