Table 2.

The major factors associated with the inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis.

S. No	Major Factors	References
1	Excessive release of IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, and TNF-α	Badr-El-Din et al. [53]; Baumgart and Carding, [54]; Niess, [55]; Sanchez-Munoz et al. [56]; Abraham and Cho, [57]; Matricon [58]; Kim et al. [59]; Younis et al. [35]
2	Upregulation of Th1, Th2, and Th17
3	Impaired pathogen recognition and epithelial integrity
4	Defective macrophages
5	Overactive dendritic cells
6	Absence of Treg cells