. 2021 Apr 3;10(4):768. doi: 10.3390/foods10040768

Table 4.

Volatile compounds identified in the fermented chokeberry juice at 0 h, 48 h, and during fermentation at 4 °C.

Compound	Identification ¹	RI	Content (μg/g) ²				Reference
			0 h	48 h	1st Week	4th Week
Alcohols
Ethanol	A	932	10.0 ± 2.23 ^d	55.0 ± 3.47 ^c	69.0 ± 4.71 ^b	99.0 ± 5.35 ^a	[45]
3-Methyl-1-butanol	A	1213	6.3 ± 1.33 ^a	2.5 ± 0.77 ^b	1.7 ± 1.05 ^b	1.6 ± 0.93 ^b	[45]
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol	A	1494	0.4 ± 0.05 ^b	0.2 ± 0.05 ^c	0.4 ± 0.08 ^b	0.6 ± 0.03 ^a	[45]
1-Penten-3-ol	B	1165	0.2 ± 0.04	tr	tr	tr	[45]
1-Hexanol	A	1358	18.8 ± 3.14 ^a	1.7 ± 0.05 ^c	2.0 ± 0.10 ^b	1.9 ± 0.05 ^b	[45]
(3E)-3-Hexen-1-ol	B	1367	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	[46]
(3Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol	B	1387	0.7 ± 0.14	tr	tr	tr	[46]
(2E)-2-Hexen-1-ol	B	1409	3.7 ± 0.39 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^d	0.3 ± 0.04 ^b	0.2 ± 0.03 ^c	[46]
(2Z)-2-Penten-1-ol	B	1316	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	tr	tr	[45]
Benzyl alcohol	B	1875	35.3 ± 4.81 ^a	0.3 ± 0.05 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^c	0.1 ± 0.04 ^c	[45]
Phenylethyl Alcohol	A	1912	1.2 ± 0.16 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^b	0.1 ± 0.02 ^c	0.1 ± 0.03 ^c	[45]
2-Methylpropan-2-ol	B	907	10.1 ± 2.09 ^a	4.1 ± 0.89 ^b	4.8 ± 1.34 ^b	4.8 ± 1.07 ^b
2-Methylbutan-2-ol	B	1018	3.9 ± 0.63 ^a	1.7 ± 0.35 ^c	1.9 ± 0.27 ^c	2.8 ± 0.34 ^b
1-Propanol	A	1043	0.3 ± 0.05	tr	tr	tr
2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol	B	1045	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.02 ^a	0.1 ± 0.06 ^a
2-Methyl-1-propanol	A	1103	5.4 ± 1.23 ^a	1.9 ± 0.47 ^b	1.4 ± 0.38 ^b	1.6 ± 0.34 ^b	[47]
2-Methylpentan-2-ol	B	1113	0.8 ± 0.02 ^a	0.4 ± 0.03 ^c	0.5 ± 0.02 ^b	0.5 ± 0.01 ^b	[47]
3-Pentanol	A	1117	0.1 ± 0.04	tr	tr	tr
2-Pentanol	A	1129	3.3 ± 0.04 ^a	0.6 ± 0.05 ^b	0.3 ± 0.04 ^c	0.3 ± 0.07 ^c	[48]
1-Butanol	A	1151	0.4 ± 0.07 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	tr	[48]
4-Methyl-2-pentanol	B	1174	0.2 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a
3-Methyl-3-buten-1-ol	B	1251	1.5 ± 0.05 ^b	0.6 ± 0.02 ^c	1.8 ± 0.08 ^a	2.0 ± 0.14 ^a
1-Pentanol	A	1255	1.5 ± 0.05 ^a	0.3 ± 0.03 ^b	0.3 ± 0.04 ^b	0.3 ± 0.04 ^b	[48]
3-Methyl-2-buten-1-ol	C	1324	0.7 ± 0.05 ^b	0.1 ± 0.04 ^c	0.9 ± 0.10 ^a	0.6 ± 0.10 ^b
1-Octen-3-ol	A	1454	0.3 ± 0.05 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	[48]
(2E)-2-Hepten-1-ol	C	1514	0.1 ± 0.02	tr	tr	tr
1-Octanol	A	1562	0.4 ± 0.05 ^a	0.1 ± 0.01 ^c	0.3 ± 0.03 ^b	0.4 ± 0.05 ^a	[48]
(2E)-2-Octen-1-ol	C	1619	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a
1-Nonanol	B	1665	0.1 ± 0.05 ^a	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a
2-Nonanol	B	1525	tr	tr	0.4 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.04 ^b
4-Methyl-benzenemethanol	B	1961	3.8 ± 1.29 ^a	0.4 ± 0.05 ^b	tr	0.1 ± 0.04 ^c
1-Dodecanol	B	1972	tr	0.2 ± 0.05 ^c	0.4 ± 0.07 ^b	0.7 ± 0.05 ^a
4-Methyl-2-heptanol	C	1366	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.05 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a
Aldehydes
Acetaldehyde	A	704	1.8 ± 0.72 ^a	0.3 ± 0.05 ^b	tr	tr	[45]
Hexanal	A	1077	0.4 ± 0.08	tr	tr	tr	[45]
Nonanal	B	1391	0.1 ± 0.03	tr	tr	tr	[46]
(2E)-2-Octenal	C	1419	0.1 ± 0.03	tr	tr	tr	[48]
Benzaldehyde	A	1517	11.2 ± 0.63 ^a	7.6 ± 0.95 ^b	0.5 ± 0.05 ^d	0.9 ± 0.10 ^c	[46]
4-Methylbenzaldehyde	B	1643	14.9 ± 1.92 ^a	5.8 ± 1.04 ^b	6.4 ± 1.36 ^b	6.8 ± 1.47 ^b
3-Methylbenzaldehyde	B	1612	0.2 ± 0.07 ^a	0.3 ± 0.10 ^a	0.2 ± 0.04 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a
Ketones
2-Butanone	B	901	4.1 ± 0.76 ^a	1.8 ± 0.17 ^c	2.2 ± 0.14 ^b	2.2 ± 0.17 ^b	[48]
2,3-Butanedione	A	970	14.2 ± 3.71 ^a	5.0 ± 0.97 ^c	6.3 ± 0.86 ^c	9.3 ± 1.09 ^b	[48]
4-Methyl-2-pentanone	B	1005	0.8 ± 0.05 ^a	0.5 ± 0.03 ^c	0.6 ± 0.04 ^b	0.6 ± 0.04 ^b
3-Hexanone	B	1048	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.02 ^a
2-Hexanone	B	1076	0.5 ± 0.14 ^a	0.3 ± 0.11 ^a	0.3 ± 0.13 ^a	0.3 ± 0.15 ^a
3-Penten-2-one	B	1123	28.3 ± 3.08 ^a	6.5 ± 1.83 ^c	10.7 ± 1.73 ^b	10.1 ± 1.95 ^b	[45]
4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one	B	1128	0.2 ± 0.05 ^b	0.7 ± 0.09 ^a	0.1 ± 0.07 ^b	0.2 ± 0.04 ^b	[45]
5-Methyl-3-hexanone	C	1149	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a
2-Heptanone	B	1178	0.2 ± 0.04 ^b	0.1 ± 0.02 ^c	0.5 ± 0.05 ^a	0.3 ± 0.10 ^b	[48]
4-Methyl-2-heptanone	B	1203	1.3 ± 0.17 ^b	0.6 ± 0.13 ^c	1.7 ± 0.11 ^a	1.7 ± 0.14 ^a
1-Hydroxy-2-propanone	B	1294	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a
5-Methyl-3-hexen-2-one	C	1230	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.02 ^a
4,6-Dimethyl-2-heptanone	C	1241	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	0.1 ± 0.02 ^b	0.2 ± 0.03 ^a	0.2 ± 0.03 ^a
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one	C	1335	0.4 ± 0.11 ^a	0.1 ± 0.09 ^b	tr	tr	[46]
2,7-Octanedione	C	1342	0.1 ± 0.02 ^b	tr	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a
2-Nonanone	B	1387	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03	tr	[48]
2,5-Hexanedione	B	1500	0.4 ± 0.05 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b
2,3-Butanediol isomer 1	C	1544	0.2 ± 0.03	tr	tr	tr
4-Ethyl-1,3-benzenediol	C	1572	0.5 ± 0.03 ^a	0.2 ± 0.02 ^c	0.3 ± 0.04 ^b	0.3 ± 0.05 ^b
(5E)-6,10-Dimethyl-5,9-undecadien-2-one	C	1854	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	tr	0.1 ± 0.02 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a
Esters
Ethyl Acetate	A	884	5.9 ± 1.19 ^a	0.3 ± 0.04 ^b	0.2 ± 0.03 ^c	0.4 ± 0.08 ^b	[45]
2-Methylpropyl formate	B	959	0.2 ± 0.10 ^a	0.3 ± 0.10 ^a	0.3 ± 0.14 ^a	0.3 ± 0.11 ^a
Isobutyl acetate	A	1012	0.1 ± 0.02 ^b	0.2 ± 0.04 ^a	0.2 ± 0.04 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a
Ethyl 2-hydroxypropanoate	A	1344	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.3 ± 0.04 ^a
Octyl octanoate	B	2013	0.5 ± 0.17 ^a	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b
Methyl benzoate	B	1618	1.6 ± 0.14 ^a	1.0 ± 0.10 ^b	1.5 ± 0.21 ^a	1.7 ± 0.15 ^a	[48]
Ethyl benzoate	B	1664	0.3 ± 0.05	tr	tr	tr	[48]
2-Phenethyl acetate	A	1811	0.2 ± 0.04	tr	tr	tr	[49]
Organic acids
Acetic acid	A	1446	0.8 ± 0.31 ^c	1.0 ± 0.27 ^c	4.6 ± 0.15 ^a	4.2 ± 0.13 ^b	[45,50]
2-Methylpropanoic acid	C	1568	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.02 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a
Butanoic acid	B	1628	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	[50]
3-Methyl-butanoic acid	B	1670	tr	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.04 ^a
2-Methyl-butanoic acid	C	1672	0.5 ± 0.12 ^a	0.2 ± 0.04 ^b	0.2 ± 0.06 ^b	0.2 ± 0.04 ^b	[45]
Heptanoic acid	B	1954	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^a	0.1 ± 0.04 ^a	[49]
Hexanoic acid	A	1844	0.6 ± 0.04 ^a	0.3 ± 0.09 ^b	0.4 ± 0.08 ^b	0.5 ± 0.04 ^b	[46]
Octanoic acid	A	2062	tr	tr	tr	0.6 ± 0.10	[46]
Nonanoic acid	C	2174	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	tr	tr	0.3 ± 0.05 ^a	[46]
2-Hydroxy-2-methylmalonic acid	C	2183	tr	tr	3.6 ± 1.02 ^a	1.0 ± 0.47 ^b
n-Decanoic acid	Β	2250	tr	tr	tr	0.1 ± 0.02	[46]
Others
D-Limonene	A	1186	0.1 ± 0.04	tr	tr	tr	[46]
Eucalyptol	B	1200	1.8 ± 0.22 ^a	0.2 ± 0.07 ^c	0.6 ± 0.05 ^b	0.7 ± 0.09 ^b	[45]
p-Cymene	B	1263	0.1 ± 0.03	tr	tr	tr	[46]
Acetoin	A	1281	0.4 ± 0.05 ^c	0.2 ± 0.05 ^d	0.7 ± 0.08 ^b	1.1 ± 0.19 ^a	[48]
cis-Linalool oxide	B	1445	0.1 ± 0.04	tr	tr	tr	[46]
Linalool	A	1551	0.1 ± 0.04 ^b	tr	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	[48]
Terpinen-4-ol	B	1604	2.7 ± 0.61 ^a	0.4 ± 0.09 ^b	tr	tr	[48,49]
Menthol	B	1644	0.1 ± 0.03 ^b	tr	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	[48]
α-Terpineol	A	1699	0.1 ± 0.03	tr	tr	tr	[45]
β-Damascenone	C	1818	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.07 ^a	[46]
5-Methyl-3-methylenedihydro-2(3H)-furanone	C	1827	1.2 ± 0.14 ^a	0.5 ± 0.05 ^d	0.7 ± 0.04 ^c	0.9 ± 0.08 ^b	[50]
Geraniol	A	1849	0.2 ± 0.07 ^a	0.3 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.05 ^a	0.2 ± 0.03 ^a	[46]

¹ Identification: A-level: agreement of retention index (RI) and mass spectrum (MS) with those of an authentic compound analyzed under identical experimental conditions; B-level: agreement of retention index (ΔRI < 20) and mass spectrum (match > 900); C-level: at least ΔRI < 20 or mass spectrum similarity match > 800. ² The content of individual components was calculated relative to the internal standard and expressed as μg/g juice. All calculations were based on peak area (from AMDIS). Different superscript letters within rows indicate statistically significant differences (MF-ANOVA with Tukey’s HSD multiple range test), tr: traces (<0.1 μg/g).