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. 2021 Mar 30;10(4):758. doi: 10.3390/cells10040758

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Mechanism of NADPH production from fatty acids. Acetyl-CoA generated as a consequence of FAO enters the TCA cycle and generates citrate. After export into the cytosol, citrate is funneled into metabolic reactions catalyzed by the malic enzyme (ME) and isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1). During these reactions, large amounts of NADPH These enzymes ultimately produce are produced. Changes in redox balance within the tumor microenvironment allows cancer cells to become more aggressive and resistant to therapeutic agents.