Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants and risk factors of osteoporosis in the study population.
| Variables | Postmenopausal Women | p-Value | Premenopausal Women | p-Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Osteoporosis (n = 2260) |
Osteoporosis (n = 1299) |
Non-Osteoporosis (n = 4606) |
Osteoporosis (n = 65) |
|||
| Age (years) | 60.46 ± 0.19 | 69.27 ± 0.22 | <0.001 | 36.70 ± 0.13 | 37.69 ± 1.14 | 0.670 |
| WC (cm) | 83.82 ± 0.19 | 80.77 ± 0.27 | <0.001 | 75.34 ± 0.14 | 68.80 ± 0.81 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.81 ± 0.07 | 23.28 ± 0.09 | <0.001 | 22.65 ± 0.05 | 19.98 ± 0.30 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.002 | 0.443 | ||||
| Never | 2100 (93.7) | 1,149 (89.0) | 4122 (89.8) | 57 (87.7) | ||
| Former | 56 (2.5) | 61 (4.7) | 184 (4.0) | 1 (1.5) | ||
| Current | 86 (3.8) | 81 (6.3) | 285 (6.2) | 7 (10.8) | ||
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | 627 (28.0) | 246 (19.1) | <0.001 | 2330 (50.8) | 26 (41.3) | 0.162 |
| Regular exercise, n (%) | 557 (24.9) | 219 (17.0) | <0.001 | 1034 (22.6) | 13 (20.0) | 0.367 |
| 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | 18.66 ± 0.15 | 18.42 ± 0.20 | 0.116 | 16.05 ± 0.08 | 14.11 ± 0.73 | 0.047 |
| Dietary intake | ||||||
| Energy intake (kcal/day) | 1587.56 ± 11.43 | 1449.32 ± 13.78 | <0.001 | 1694.50 ± 8.77 | 1686.48 ± 67.41 | 0.517 |
| Protein (g/day) | 53.81 ± 0.551 | 45.87 ± 0.663 | <0.001 | 61.93 ± 0.411 | 62.19 ± 3.126 | 0.915 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 435.70 ± 6.43 | 357.66 ± 12.24 | <0.001 | 457.82 ± 4.15 | 474.80 ± 32.74 | 0.491 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 974.54 ± 8.54 | 851.73 ± 10.22 | <0.001 | 1025.90 ± 5.96 | 1067.54 ± 47.65 | 0.472 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2695.38 ± 29.90 | 2245.41 ± 35.53 | <0.001 | 2728.75 ± 18.57 | 2826.00 ± 162.31 | 0.468 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 3913.31 ± 53.89 | 3513.67 ± 70.59 | <0.001 | 4344.46 ± 42.51 | 4773.58 ± 384.46 | 0.302 |
| BMC (g) | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 48.87 ± 0.233 | 34.73 ± 0.239 | <0.001 | 55.92 ± 0.155 | 41.27 ± 0.729 | <0.001 |
| Total femur | 28.22 ± 0.092 | 22.76 ± 0.104 | <0.001 | 29.21 ± 0.064 | 21.95 ± 0.387 | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck | 3.34 ± 0.010 | 2.59 ± 0.011 | <0.001 | 3.61 ± 0.008 | 2.70 ± 0.041 | <0.001 |
| BMD (g/cm2) | ||||||
| Lumbar spine | 0.87 ± 0.002 | 0.67 ± 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.95 ± 0.002 | 0.74 ± 0.010 | <0.001 |
| Total femur | 0.83 ± 0.002 | 0.67 ± 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.88 ± 0.002 | 0.70 ± 0.009 | <0.001 |
| Femoral neck | 0.68 ± 0.002 | 0.53 ± 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.74 ± 0.001 | 0.56 ± 0.007 | <0.001 |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard error of the mean for continuous variables or as the number (percentage) for categorical variables. WC, waist circumference; BMI, body mass index; BMC, bone mineral content; BMD, bone mineral density.