Curative effect of A. borbonica (A. b) 25 mg/kg on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) in mice. (A) Experiment design: the black arrows indicate daily gavage with A. b. (B) Macrophage infiltration revealed by F4/80 immunostaining, arrows indicate macrophages. (C) Accumulation of myofibroblasts revealed by alpha SMA staining, arrows indicate myofibroblasts. (D) Renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis shown by Sirius red staining, arrows indicate interstitial fibrosis. Sham-operated group (Sham), unilateral ureteral obstruction group receiving vehicle (UUO + Veh) and unilateral ureteral obstruction group receiving polyphenol-rich extract from A. b (UUO + A. b 25 mg/kg). For each staining, quantitative results are shown on the right part of the figure (scatter dot plot), as well as renal mRNA expression of F4/80 and α-Sma; n = 7 per group. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, compared to Sham; $ p < 0.05 compared to UUO + Veh. Scale bar = 100 μm.