Table 2.
Phenolic compounds of honeys—phenolic acids [mg kg−1].
| h | Caffeic Acid |
Chlorogenic Acid |
Ferulic Acid |
p-Coumaric Acid |
Protocatechuic Acid * |
Sinapic Acid |
Syringic Acid * |
Vanillic Acid |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia | nd | nd | 0.25 ± 0.02 e | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.18 ± 0.01 c |
| Phacelia | 0.45 ± 0.02 d | 0.88 ± 0.03 d | 1.18 ± 0.03 b | 2.83 ± 0.11 b | nd | nd | 0.12 ± 0.01 e | 0.54 ± 0.02 b |
| Buckwheat 1 | nd | 0.69 ± 0.03 d | nd | 0.83 ± 0.05 e | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Buckwheat 2 | nd | 0.56 ± 0.03 e | nd | 2.13 ± 0.09 c | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Linden | 0.69 ± 0.04 c | 0.73 ± 0.01 d | 0.21 ± 0.01 e | nd | nd | nd | 0.11 ± 0.01 e | nd |
| Malaysian | 0.65 ± 0.09 c | 3.06 ± 0.13 a | 0.11 ± 0.01 f | 0.46 ± 0.01 g | nd | 0.07 ± 0.01 a | 0.22 ± 0.01 d | 0.33 ± 0.02 b,c |
| Raspberry | 0.44 ± 0.03 d | 0.29 ± 0.02 f | 1.55 ± 0.06 a | 2.44 ± 0.03 c | nd | nd | 0.17 ± 0.01 d | 0.52 ± 0.03 b |
| Manuka 250 | 38.67 ± 2.02 a | 2.68 ± 0.03 b | nd | 0.84 ± 0.04 e | nd | nd | 0.64 ± 0.05 b | nd |
| Manuka 400 | 35.69 ± 0.12 a | 3.29 ± 0.15 a | nd | 0.64 ± 0.04 f | nd | nd | 0.4 ± 0.02 c | nd |
| Goldenrod | 0.53 ± 0.04 c,d | nd | 1.66 ± 0.04 a | 3.36 ± 0.18 b | nd | nd | 0.21 ± 0.02 d | 1.05 ± 0.04 a |
| Rapeseed | nd | 0.56 ± 0.05 e | 0.32 ± 0.03 d,e | 0.65 ± 0.02 f | nd | nd | 0.22 ± 0.02 d | nd |
| Sunflower | nd | 0.49 ± 0.04 e | 0.14 ± 0.01 f | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.20 ± 0.01 c |
| Honeydew 3 | 0.59 ± 0.02 c | 0.74 ± 0.05 d | 0.44 ± 0.05 d | 1.45 ± 0.08 d | 0.29 ± 0.02 b | nd | 0.13 ± 0.02 e | nd |
| Honeydew 1 | 1.2 ± 0.03 b | 0.78 ± 0.1 d | 0.31 ± 0.02 d,e | 0.95 ± 0.02 e | 0.66 ± 0.03 a | nd | nd | nd |
| Honeydew 2 | 0.92 ± 0.07 b | 0.83 ± 0.05 d | 0.22 ± 0.01 e | 0.63 ± 0.05 f | 0.77 ± 0.01 a | nd | 0.11 ± 0.02 e | 0.27 ± 0.01 c |
| Artificial | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Multifloral 1 | nd | 1.34 ± 0.04 c | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Multifloral 2 | 1.09 ± 0.01 b | 1.35 ± 0.08 c | 0.38 ± 0.04 d | 1.59 ± 0.07 d | nd | nd | 0.2 ± 0.01 d | 0.45 ± 0.03 b |
| Multifloral 3 | nd | 0.36 ± 0.01 f | 1.31 ± 0.09 b | 4.05 ± 0.06 a | nd | nd | 1.05 ± 0.03 a | 0.97 ± 0.04 a |
| Heather 1 | nd | 0.46 ± 0.04 e | 0.71 ± 0.02 c | 2.21 ± 0.06 c | nd | nd | 0.16 ± 0.02 d | 0.55 ± 0.03 b |
| Heather 2 | 0.4 ± 0.05 d | nd | 1.10 ± 0.01 b | 4.09 ± 0.24 a | nd | nd | nd | 0.43 ± 0.02 b |
* calculated as ferulic acid; nd—not detected; data are means ± standard deviation (n = 3); statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s post hoc test: different letters in the same column indicate statistical significance (at least p ≤ 0.05).