Table 3.
Phenolic compounds of honeys—flavonoids [mg kg−1].
| Sample | Apigenin | Astragalin ** | Datiscetin ** | Genistein ** | Kaempferol ** | Luteolin ** | Quercetin | Quercetrin ** | Rhamnetin ** | Rutin ** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia | 0.04 ± 0 d | nd | nd | nd | 0.15 ± 0.01 g | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Artificial | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Buckwheat 1 | 0.03 ± 0 d | nd | nd | nd | 0.08 ± 0.01 g | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Buckwheat 2 | 0.03 ± 0 d | nd | nd | nd | 0.11 ± 0 g | nd | 0.11 ± 0 f | nd | nd | nd |
| Goldenrod | 0.16 ± 0.02 b | nd | nd | nd | 1.18 ± 0.05 c | 0.06 ± 0 d | 0.31 ± 0.01 e | 0.04 ± 0.01 b | nd | 0.07 ± 0 b |
| Heather 1 | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | nd | nd | nd | 1.42 ± 0.02 b | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | 0.94 ± 0.03 b | 0.11 ± 0 a | nd | 0.15 ± 0.01 a |
| Heather 2 | 0.26 ± 0 a | 0.07 ± 0 c | 0.07 ± 0.01 e | nd | 0.97 ± 0.02 c | 0.08 ± 0 d | 0.21 ± 0 e | nd | nd | nd |
| Honeydew 1 | 0.11 ± 0.01 c | 0.12 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.03 c,d | 0.41 ± 0.03 a | 0.47 ± 0.04 e | 0.04 ± 0 d | 0.54 ± 0.05 c | nd | nd | nd |
| Honeydew 2 | 0.09 ± 0 c | 0.11 ± 0 b | 0.16 ± 0 d | 0.28 ± 0.03 b | 0.43 ± 0.04 e | 0.04 ± 0 d | 0.44 ± 0.1 c,d | nd | nd | nd |
| Honeydew 3 | 0.07 ± 0 c,d | nd | nd | nd | 0.33 ± 0 e,f | 0.03 ± 0 d | 0.25 ± 0.01 e | nd | nd | nd |
| Linden | 0.09 ± 0.01 c | nd | 0.09 ± 0 e | nd | 0.38 ± 0 e | 0.07 ± 0 d | 0.21 ± 0 e | nd | nd | nd |
| Malaysian | nd | 0.66 ± 0 a | 0.06 ± 0 e | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
| Manuka 250 | 0.15 ± 0 b | nd | 2.75 ± 0.03 a | nd | 0.43 ± 0.03 e | 0.3 ± 0 a | 0.64 ± 0 c | nd | 0.21 ± 0.01 a | nd |
| Manuka 400 | 0.12 ± 0 c | nd | 2.09 ± 0.04 b | nd | 0.46 ± 0.01 e | nd | 0.64 ± 0.02 c | nd | 0.24 ± 0 a | nd |
| Multifloral 1 | 0.06 ± 0.01 d | nd | nd | nd | 0.29 ± 0.03 f | nd | 0.14 ± 0 f | nd | nd | nd |
| Multifloral 2 | 0.12 ± 0.01 c | 0.05 ± 0 c | nd | nd | 0.84 ± 0.05 c,d | nd | 0.42 ± 0 d | nd | nd | nd |
| Multifloral 3 | 0.2 ± 0 b | nd | 0.34 ± 0.02 c | nd | 2.27 ± 0.02 a | 0.14 ± 0.01 c | 2.08 ± 0.05 a | nd | nd | nd |
| Phacelia | 0.19 ± 0 b | nd | 0.16 ± 0 d | nd | 1.13 ± 0.04 c | 0.17 ± 0 b,c | 0.37 ± 0.02 d | nd | nd | nd |
| Rapeseed | 0.06 ± 0 d | 0.06 ± 0 c | 0.08 ± 0 e | nd | 0.78 ± 0.02 d | 0.04 ± 0 d | 0.28 ± 0.03 e | nd | nd | 0.05 ± 0 b |
| Raspberry | 0.17 ± 0.01 b | nd | 0.45 ± 0.03 c | nd | 0.95 ± 0.05 c | 0.21 ± 0.01 b | 0.23 ± 0.01 e | nd | nd | nd |
| Sunflower | 0.03 ± 0 d | 0.05 ± 0 c | nd | nd | 0.12 ± 0.01 g | nd | 0.23 ± 0.02 e | nd | nd | nd |
** calculated as quercetin; nd—not detected; data are means ± standard deviation (n = 3); statistical analysis was performed by one-way ANOVA using Tukey’s post hoc test: different letters in the same column indicate statistical significance (at least p ≤ 0.05).