Table 7.
Antioxidant effects of cereal-derived peptides and hydrolysates in animal models.
| Protein Source | Peptide/Hydrolysate | Purpose of Study | In Vivo Outcome | BSA-Based Human Equivalent Dose (mg/kg) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wheat bran | NL, QL, FL, HAL, AAVL, AKTVF, and TPLTR | Investigated the blood pressure lowering effects of wheat protein hydrolysates and peptides in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR). | Oral administration of <1 kDa peptides at 100 mg/kg showed a better reduction of systolic blood pressure (−35 mmHg) after 6 h compared to hydrolysate (−20 mmHg). | 16.22 | [108] |
| Wheat bran | LRP, LQP | Evaluated the effects of peptides on oxidative stress and the AMPK signaling pathway in HFD-induced NASH C57BL/6 mice. | NASH mice treated with 0.20% LRP showed a remarkable decrease in serum d-ROM and a significant increase in BAP levels. Administration of 0.20% LQP increased phospho-AMPK expression and decreased phospho-ACC expression, thus alleviating the severity of NASH. | 7.46 | [184] |
| Wheat bran | ADWGGPLPH | Assessed the antioxidative and antidiabetic vascular dysfunction effects of peptide in STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice. | Administered peptide at 4mg/kg enhanced SOD expression and total antioxidant capacity, and also attenuated hyperglycemia-induced inflammatory factors, such as TNF-α and IL-1β. | 0.32 | [172] |
| Rice | OP60 commercial peptide | Evaluated the protective effect of OP60 against APAP-induced hepatic injury in mice. | GSH synthesis and antioxidant enzymes were induced by OP60 (500 mg/kg) via activation of the Nrf2 pathway. | 40.54 | [175] |
| Corn Gluten meal (CGM) | CGM peptides (<10 kDa) | Investigated the antioxidant capacity of CGMP produced by solid–state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis MTCC5480 in aging rats induced with D-galactose. | Serum and liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and total antioxidant capacity activities increased, with a decrease in MDA in D-galactose-induced aging rats fed CGMP (250 mg/kg bw). | 40.54 | [185] |
| Corn germ meal | Albumin peptides fractions (APF-4) | Examined the hepatoprotective effects of APF-4 in alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. | APF-4 (800 mg/kg bw) administration significantly reduced activities and levels of hepatic (AST), ALT and MDA, and increased activities of SOD, CAT and GSH. | 64.86 | [186] |
HFD: high-fat diet; AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; NASH: non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; d-ROM: diacron reactive oxygen metabolite; BAP: biological antioxidant potential; ACC: acetyl-CoA carboxylase; STZ: streptozotocin; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor α; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; acetaminophen: APAP; SOD: superoxide dismutase; CAT: catalase; GSH-Px: glutathione peroxidase; MDA: malondialdehyde, BSA: body surface area. Human equivalent dose (HED) based on BSA was calculated according to the formula suggested by Reagan-Shaw et al. [181].