Table 1.

Overview of the 17 human Poly-adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose polymerases (PARPs) including alternative names, structural characteristics, antiviral activity, if any, and targeted viruses.

Name	Other Names	PARP Activity	PARP Subfamilies	Characteristic Domains	Antiviral Activity	Viruses Targeted
PARP1	ARTD1	PARylation	DNA-dependent PARPS	BRCT, WGR	Transcription and replication inhibition	EBV, HIV, KSHV, MLV
PARP2	ARTD2	PARylation	DNA-dependent PARPS	WGR	ND	ND
PARP3	ARTD3	PARylation	DNA-dependent PARPS	WGR	ND	ND
PARP4	ARTD4 KIAA0177	MARylation	Unclassified	BRCT	ND	ND
PARP5a	ARTD5 TANK1 TIN1	PARylation	Tankyrases	ANK	Replication inhibition	EBV
PARP5b	ARTD6 TANK2 TNKL	PARylation	Tankyrases	ANK	Replication inhibition	EBV
PARP6	ARTD17	MARylation	Unclassified	HPS	ND	ND
PARP7	ARTD14 TIPARP	MARylation	CCCH PARPs	Zinc-fingers, WWE	Replication and translation inhibition	SINV, Rubella virus, VEEV
PARP8	ARTD16	MARylation	Unclassified	HPS	ND	ND
PARP9 +DTX3L	ARTD9 BAL1	MARylation	MacroPARPs	Macrodomains	Viral protein degradation	EMCV
PARP10	ARTD10	MARylation	Unclassified	UIM	Transcription and replication inhibition Viral protein degradation	AIV, VEEV
PARP11	ARTD11	MARylation	Unclassified	WWE	ND	ND
PARP12	ARTD12 ZC3HDC1	MARylation	CCCH PARPs	Zinc-fingers, WWE	Transcription and replication inhibition Viral protein degradation	CHIKV, EMCV, RFVF, SINV, VEEV, VSV
PARP13	ZAP ARTD13 ZC3HDC2	Inactive	CCCH PARPs	Zinc-fingers, WWE	Replication and translation inhibition Viral RNA and protein degradation	HIV, IAV, HBV, SINV, XMRV, Ebola virus, Marburg virus, MHV68
PARP14	ARTD8 BAL2	MARylation	MacroPARPs	Macrodomains, WWE	ND	ND
PARP15	ARTD7 BAL3	MARylation	MacroPARPs	Macrodomains	ND	ND
PARP16	ARTD15	MARylation	Unclassified	TMD	ND	ND