Table 3.
Data on the topical use of different types of liposomes with resveratrol.
| Type of Liposomes | Size of the Vesicles | Encapsulation Efficiency | Main Results | Toxicity | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) Zwitterionic liposomes (2) Cationic liposomes |
(1) From 360 ± 20 nm to 370 ± 30 nm depending on lipid ratio (2) From 110 ± 10 nm to 110 ± 15 depending on lipid ratio |
NS | Cationic liposomes were more deeply inserted than zwitterionic liposomes. | Tested on stabilized cell lines (mouse fibroblast NIH-3T3 and human astrocytes U373-MG) —viability was not affected by the liposomal resveratrol. | Bonechi et al. [134] |
| Ultradeformable liposomes (UDL) | 126.85 ± 5.30 nm | 83.21 ± 1.98% | Significant stimulation of melanin and tyrosinase activity and potential antioxidant activity with a major contribution of psolaren for the former and key role of resveratrol for the latter activity. | 74.95 ± 11.61% cytotoxicity at 50 μM concentration of resveratrol. | Doppalapudi et al. [52] |
| (1) Conventional liposomes (2) Penetration enhancer-containing vesicles (PEVs) (3) Glycerosomes |
(1) 63 ± 5 nm (2) 169 ± 15 nm (3) 75 ± 5 nm |
(1) 60 ± 9% (2) 70 ± 6% (3) 40 ± 4% |
Improved dual activity, antioxidant and antimicrobial, were observed in the case of resveratrol and gallic acid are co-loaded in liposomes. | Assessed in HaCaT and 3T3 cells; the viability of HaCaT cells was always 92%, and even higher (115–122%) when the co-loaded resveratrol and gallic acid (2µg/mL each) were delivered by PEVs and glycerosomes. | Vitonyte et al. [135] |
| Liposomes | 189.4 ± 14.1 nm | 99.1% | The liposomes with E- RSV showed its highest photostability; liposomes presented a poor physical stability, resulting in a bimodal size distribution profile. | NS | Detoni et al. [143] |
| Transfersomes | From 40.13 ± 0.63 nm to 64.28 ± 0.60 nm depending on the type of edge activator | From 56.13 ± 1.52% to 59.93 ± 0.99% | Resveratrol was demonstrated to penetrate the skin more easily after encapsulation. In transdermal delivery analysis, the formulation containing Tween-20 showed increased accumulation (by 27.59%) after 6 h. All the transfersome formulations showed better accumulative penetration than unencapsulated resveratrol. | The cell viabilities of the transfersomes were all higher than 83%, among which the formulation containing Tween-80 had the lowest cytotoxicity. When the resveratrol concentrations of transfersomes were lower than 40 μM, almost no cytotoxicity was observed. | Wu et al. [145] |
| Spanlastics (surfactant-based elastic vesicles) | From 201.30 ± 2.45 nm to 464.80 ± 3.11 nm depending on the type of edge activator (EA) and the Span60:EA ratio | From 63.60 ± 2.89% to 79.10 ± 5.56% | Resveratrol-loaded elastic nanovesicles was demonstrated to be a promising approach to prevent UV-induced skin damage for overcoming the low drug solubility. | NS | Abbas and Kamel [146] |
| (1) Ethosomes (2) Ultradeformable liposomes (3) Deformable liposomes (4) Conventional liposomes |
(1) 289.6 ± 0.9 nm (2) 201.3 ± 0.8 nm (3) 84.1 ± 1.0 nm (4) 220.5 ± 2.2 nm |
(1) 51.0% (2) 12.6% (3) 91.8% (4) 23.0% |
The increase in the fluidity of the bilayers in the region of the hydrophobic chains of the phospholipid by ethanol probably facilitates the accommodation of the resveratrol in the bilayer and contributes to the improved encapsulation of RSV without affecting the mobility of this carrier. | NS | Tosato et al. [147] |
| (1) Transfersomes with different surfactants (2) Ethanol-containing vesicles with different lipid composition |
between 83 and 116 nm | ≥70% | Only ethanol-containing vesicles prepared using soy phosphatidylcholine were able to promote trans-resveratrol permeation through the skin. | No cytotoxic effect in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) was observed in the case of nanocarriers with trans-resveratrol encapsulated. | Scognamiglio et al. [148] |
NS—not shown.