Figure 5.

Effect of AYC-CS-E treatment on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion of UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. (a–c) HaCaT cells were treated with various concentrations (2, 4, 8, or 16 μL/mL) of AYC-CS-E (30 mg/mL) for 24 h after being exposed to 8 mJ/cm² UVB irradiation. (a) Cells were harvested, and intracellular ROS levels were analyzed by 5 μM 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) staining, as described in the Materials and Methods section. (b,c) The culture supernatants were collected, and pro- ((b) Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-8 (IL-8), and IL-1β) and anti-inflammatory cytokine ((c) transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and IL-10) levels were analyzed using cytokine-specific ELISA kits. All bar graphs show the means ± standard deviation (SD) of 3 samples. One representative plot out of three independent experiments is shown. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, or *** p < 0.001.