Table 1.

Vat polymerization-based printing technologies in tissue engineering: Overview of recent study results. hMSC: human mesenchymal stem cell; PDLLA: poly (D, L-lactic acid); PEG: polyethylene glycol; GelMA: gelatin-methacrylamide; hADSC: human adipose-derived stem cell; MSC: mesenchymal stem cell; PEGDA: polyethylene glycol diacrylate; MSC: mesenchymal stem cells; GelMod: methacrylamide-modified gelatin; CHO: Chinese hamster ovary; SU-8: SU-8 photoresist; SLA: stereolithography; 2PP: 2-photon polymerization.

Vat Polymerization
Printing Application	Cells	Biomaterials	Results	Reference
Stereolithography	hMSCs seeded after scaffold-printing	PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA	🡺Creating of a biocompatible und biodegradable resin for bioprinting 🡺Adhesion and proliferation of the seeded cells within 5 days after printing	Seck et al. [50]
	NIH 3T3 fibroblasts	PEG & GelMA	🡺Demonstrated SLA-Printing of encapsulated cells with a cell survival of >80% after printing	Wang et al. [52]
	hADSCs	PEGDA	🡺Demonstrated SLA-Printing of encapsulated cells with a cell survival of >90% after printing and 7 days later under cultivation	Lin et al. [53]
Two-Photon Polymerization	Porcine MSC seeded after scaffold-printing	GelMod	🡺Demonstrated capability of 2PP to control porosity and microtopography of the printed scaffolds 🡺Adhesion and differentiation of the seeded cells into osteogenic lineage	Ovsianikov et al. [59]
	Seeding of CHO cells, GFSHR-17 granulosa cells, GM7373 endothelial cells and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in different test setups	Ormocomp® & SU8 in different test setups	🡺Proved cell supporting properties and biocompability of Ormocomp® and SU-8 as polymers for 2PP 🡺Cells were able to grow even on vertical structures, printed with Ormocomp®	Ovsianikov et al. [60]