Table 2.
Comparison of cognitive function.
| Cognitive Function |
Group | T0 | T1 | T2 | Group | Time | Group × Time Interaction |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Attention | CWPAG | 49.97 ± 9.17 | 53.33 ± 8.291 1 | 54.15 ± 8.35 * | F(2) = 0.68, p = 0.510, partial η2 = 0.066 |
F(2) = 1.3, p = 0.277, partial η2 = 0.025 |
F(4) = 0.91, p = 0.461, partial η2 = 0.034 |
| CWPSG | 48.71 ± 8.22 | 50.06 ± 11.28 | 50.93 ± 9.87 | ||||
| NWSG | 52.17 ± 8.47 | 51.93 ± 8.9 | 51.71 ± 7.24 | ||||
| Visuospatial function |
CWPAG | 39.58 ± 17.64 | 45.12 ± 15.73 | 50.87 ± 18.8 ** | F(2) = 2.41, p = 0.097 partial η2 = 0.013 |
F(2) = 4.45, p = 0.014, partial η2 = 0.08 |
F(4) = 1.53, p = 0.198, partial η2 = 0.056 |
| CWPSG | 46.32 ± 15.08 | 52.87 ± 7.7 | 53.99 ± 12.8 * | ||||
| NWSG | 49.97 ± 11.16 | 55.52 ± 6.28 | 48.48 ± 15.66 | ||||
| Memory | CWPAG | 52.95 ± 8.04 | 55.85 ± 9.35 * | 61.18 ± 12.12 *** | F(2) = 0.38, p = 0.682, partial η2 = 0.046 |
F(2) = 47.77, p < 0.001, partial η2 = 0.481 |
F(4) = 0.91, p = 0.464, partial η2 = 0.034 |
| CWPSG | 48.89 ± 9.83 | 56.37 ± 11.42 ** | 60.33 ± 10.21 *** | ||||
| NWSG | 46.68 ± 6.14 | 55.74 ± 6.07 *** | 58.43 ± 6.34 *** | ||||
| Frontal/ executive function |
CWPAG | 56.26 ± 12.52 | 57.37 ± 12.77 | 59.45 ± 14.42 2 | F(2) = 0.15, p = 0.863, partial η2 = 0.035 |
F(2) = 6.55, p = 0.002, partial η2 = 0.113 |
F(4) = 0.97, p = 0.425, partial η2 = 0.036 |
| CWPSG | 57.88 ± 10.11 | 59.48 ± 11.27 | 60.02 ± 11.77 | ||||
| NWSG | 51.7 ± 16.66 | 52.75 ± 16.48 | 58.3 ± 17.59 ** |
Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation. CWPAG: cognitive walking program-active group; CWPSG: cognitive walking program-sedentary group; NWG: normal walking-sedentary group. Significance level of the contrasts of marginal linear predictions vs. Time 0: 1 p = 0.051, 2 p = 0.057, * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.