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. 2021 Apr 14;7(4):e06733. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06733

Table 1.

Household factors associated with stunting in Ethiopia.

Predicting variables N (%) Outcome variable
 P-value
Stunting
COR (95%CI) AOR (95% CI)
Mother's level of education
  • •

    No education

 7284 (66.1) 1
  • •

    Primary education

 2951 (26.8) 0.77 (0.69, 0.84) ∗∗ 0.92 (0.83, 1.03) 0.155
  • •

    Secondary education

 514 (4.7) 0.38 (0.30, 0.48) ∗∗ 0.67 (0.51, 0.89) ∗∗ 0.006
  • •

    Higher education

 274 (2.5) 0.29 (0.21, 0.42) ∗∗ 0.69 (0.42, 1.16) 0.164
Wealth index
  • •

    Poorest

 2636 (23.9) 1
  • •

    Poorer

 2520 (22.9) 0.92 (0.82, 1.04) 0.91 (0.79, 1.04) 0.181
  • •

    Middle

 2280 (20.7) 0.74 (0.65, 0.84) ∗∗ 0.73 (0.63, 0.86) ∗∗ 0.00
  • •

    Richer

 1999 (18.1) 0.65 (0.57, 0.74) ∗∗ 0.65 (0.54, 0.78) ∗∗ 0.00
  • •

    Richest

 1588 (14.4) 0.42 (0.36, 0.48) ∗∗ 0.82 (0.62, 1.08) 0.155
Sex of child
  • •

    Male

 5725 (51.9) 1
  • •

    Female

 5298 (48.1) 0.78 (0.72. 0.85) ∗∗ 0.78 (0.72, 0.85) ∗∗ 0.00
Child in twin
  • •

    Single birth

 10730 (97.3) 1
  • •

    1st of multiple

 146 (1.3) 1.80 (1.26, 2.58) ∗∗ 2.16 (1.47, 3.19) ∗∗ 0.00
  • •

    2nd of multiple

 146 (1.3) 2.34 (1.58, 3.46) ∗∗ 2.43 (1.61, 3.65) ∗∗ 0.00
House main floor material
  • •

    Cement/ceramic or wood

 1466 (13.3) 1
  • •

    Natural/earth/sand

 5975 (54.2) 2.09 (1.81, 2.41) ∗∗ 1.33 (1.08, 1.64) ∗∗ 0.007
  • •

    Polished with dung

 3582 (32.5) 2.37 (2.05, 2.75) ∗∗ 1.57 (1.27, 1.93) ∗∗ 0.00
Types of cooking fuel
  • •

    Electricity

 305 (2.8) 1
  • •

    Kerosene/biogas/charcoal

 542 (4.9) 1.06 (0.74, 1.52) 0.62 (0.41, 0.93) ∗∗ 0.019
  • •

    Wood/straws/grass

 9372 (85.0) 2.22 (1.65, 2.99) ∗∗ 0.64 (0.43, 0.93) ∗∗ 0.02
  • •

    Animal dung

 804 (7.3) 3.03 (2.18, 4.21) ∗∗ 1.04 (0.68, 1.57) 0.87
Possession of household electricity
  • •

    No

 9316 (84.5) 1
  • •

    Yes

 1706 (15.5) 0.53 (0.47, 0.60) ∗∗ 0.93 (0.75, 1.15) 0.489
Possession of household refrigerator
  • •

    No

 10682 (96.9) 1
  • •

    Yes

 340 (3.1) 0.22 (0.15, 0.31) ∗∗ 0.57 (0.36, 0.89) ∗∗ 0.014
Possession of household television (TV)
  • •

    No

 10072 (91.4) 1
  • •

    Yes

 950 (8.6) 0.34 (0.28, 0.41) ∗∗ 0.59 (0.44, 0.80) ∗∗ 0.001
Possession of mobile telephone
  • •

    No

 9227 (83.7) 1
  • •

    Yes

 1795 (16.3) 0.51 (0.45, 0.58) ∗∗ 0.87 (0.74, 1.02) 0.075

∗∗P < 0.05, COR: Crude odd ratio, AOR: Adjusted odd ratio, CI: Confidence interval.