Abbreviation	Meaning
AKAP	A-kinase anchor protein
AKAP13	A-kinase anchor protein 13
ALA	α-lipoic acid
ATP	adenosine triphosphate
BGT	betaine gamma aminobutyric acid transporter
BMD	Becker muscular dystrophy
CBP	CREB binding protein
COX	cyclooxygenase
CRF	corticotropin-releasing factor
CXCL	chemokine ligand
DAG	diacylglycerol
DAPC	dystrophin-associated protein complex
DMD	Duchenne muscular dystrophy
FDA	Food and Drug Administration
GABA	gamma aminobutyric acid
GCs	glucocorticoids
GLUT4	glucose transporter type 4
GR	glucocorticoid receptor
GSK-3	glycogen synthase kinase 3
GSK-3β	glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
GTP	guanosinetrifosfaat
HNE	4-hydroxynonenal
Hsp70	heat shock protein 70
ICAM-1	intracellular adhesion molecule 1
IL	interleukine
IP3	inositol triphosphate
L-CAR	L-carnitine
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MI	myo-inositol
NFAT	nuclear factor of activated T- cells
NFAT5	nuclear factor of activated T- cells 5
NFAT5c	nuclear factor of activated T- cells c
NF-ƘB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
nNOS	neuronal nitric oxide synthase
PKA	protein kinase A
PKC	protein kinase C
p-p38	phosphorylated p38
PIP2	Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate
Rac 1	Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate
s.c.	subcutaneous
SCID	severe combined immunodeficiency
SMIT	sodium myo-inositol transporter
SRC-1	steroid receptor coactivator 1
TauT	Taurine transporter
TBP	TATA box binding protein
TGF-β	transforming growth factor-β
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor α
TonEBP	Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein
Ucns	urocortins
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VSMC	vascular smooth muscle cells
xIL-6R	anti-interleukin-6 receptor antibody