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. 2021 Apr 1;13(4):1159. doi: 10.3390/nu13041159

Table 5.

Metabolic and hormonal markers at 4 months in relation to anthropometric parameters and body composition through the age of 2 years.

Metabolic and Hormonal Markers Age Weight, g Length, cm Fat Mass, g Fat Free Mass, g Fat Mass, %
B 95%CI p B 95%CI p B 95%CI p B 95%CI p B 95%CI p
Glucose at 4 months
4 months 188.88 −232.06, 609.83 0.38 −0.70 −1.14, 1.00 0.90 156.33 −155.94, 468.60 0.33 37.80 −227.88, 303.47 0.78 1.69 −0.93, 4.31 0.21
6 months 228.74 −192.24, 649.71 0.29 0.57 −0.40, 1.64 0.29 91.89 −222.39, 406.18 0.57 175.87 −91.56, 443.31 0.20 0.30 −2.34, 2.93 0.83
1 year 23.27 −406.30, 452.83 0.92 0.83 −0.26, 1.91 0.14 −24.64 −483.45, 434.16 0.92 256.08 −136.87, 649.03 0.20 −0.62 −4.48, 3.24 0.75
2 years 338.33 −105.30, 781.96 0.13 0.99 −0.13, 2.12 0.08 −97.89 −488.58, 292.79 0.62 337.85 4.01, 671.68 0.047 −1.13 −4.42, 2.15 0.50
Insulin at 4 months
4 months 9.08 −23.32, 41.49 0.58 −0.01 −0.09, 0.07 0.86 9.84 −13.96, 33.65 0.42 −4.13 −24.49, 16.23 0.69 0.14 −0.05, 0.34 0.15
6 months 20.17 −12.28, 52.62 0.22 0.04 −0.04, 0.12 0.32 16.90 −6.91, 40.71 0.16 4.20 −16.17, 24.57 0.69 0.16 −0.04, 0.36 0.12
1 year 8.66 −24.83, 42.16 0.61 0.05 −0.04, 0.13 0.26 5.85 −51.18, 62.88 0.84 −8.02 −57.19, 41.15 0.75 0.09 −0.39, 0.57 0.71
2 years 17.55 −16.88, 51.97 0.32 0.08 −0.01, 0.16 0.09 25.20 −3.67, 54.06 0.09 −30.84 −55.61, −6.08 0.01 0.23 −0.01, 0.48 0.06
HOMA-IR at 4 months
4 months 40.24 −99.10, 179.59 0.57 −0.04 −0.39, 0.31 0.82 42.07 −60.31, 144.45 0.42 −14.47 −102.07, 73.13 0.75 0.61 −0.25, 1.46 0.16
6 months 86.10 −53.41, 225.61 0.23 0.18 −0.17, 0.54 0.30 70.91 −31.56, 173.38 0.17 20.56 −67.12, 108.24 0.64 0.65 −0.20, 1.51 0.13
1 year 27.70 −115.90, 171.29 0.70 0.21 −0.15, 0.57 0.25 23.63 −221.14, 268.40 0.85 −29.88 −241.04, 181.28 0.78 0.37 −1.69, 2.44 0.72
2 years 71.72 −74.79, 218.22 0.34 0.32 −0.05, 0.69 0.09 96.83 −23.49, 217.15 0.11 −119.97 −223.18, −16.75 0.02 0.92 −0.09, 1.92 0.08
Leptin at 4 months
4 months 75.05 30.55, 119.55 0.001 0.12 0.01, 0.22 0.04 40.77 6.92, 74.62 0.02 33.25 5.31, 61.19 0.02 0.31 0.03, 0.58 0.03
6 months 76.37 31.86, 120.88 <0.010 0.13 0.02, 0.24 0.02 47.07 13.33, 80.70 <0.01 31.34 3.54, 59.14 0.03 0.33 0.06, 0.61 0.02
1 year 35.79 −9.16, 80.74 0.12 0.13 0.02, 0.24 0.02 84.60 4.78, 164.42 0.04 −52.73 −118.65, 13.19 0.12 0.87 0.22, 1.53 <0.015
2 years 63.11 17.35, 108.87 <0.01 0.12 0.003, 0.23 0.04 53.34 13.06, 93.61 <0.01 22.23 −11.02, 55.47 0.19 0.29 −0.04, 0.62 0.09
IGF-1 at 4 months
4 months 1.84 −2.02, 5.70 0.35 0.001 −0.01, 0.01 0.80 1.05 −1.90, 4.01 0.48 0.68 −1.83, 3.19 0.59 0.01 −0.02, 0.03 0.47
6 months 1.05 −2.82, 4.92 0.59 0.000 −0.01, 0.01 0.98 −0.07 −3.03, 2.89 0.96 1.19 −1.32, 3.71 0.35 −0.01 −0.03, 0.02 0.69
1 year −2.85 −6.89, 1.20 0.17 −0.003 −0.01, 0.01 0.5 −2.16 −7.14, 2.83 0.40 3.24 −0.99, 7.46 0.13 −0.02 −0.07, 0.02 0.25
2 years −1.84 −6.04, 2.36 0.39 −0.007 −0.02, 0.00 0.16 2.05 −2.05, 6.14 0.33 0.14 −3.34, 3.61 0.94 0.01 −0.02, 0.05 0.39
IGF-BP1 at 4 months
4 months −8.36 −17.97, 1.25 0.09 −0.033 −0.06, −0.01 0.01 −3.27 −10.58, 4.04 0.38 −4.67 −10.63, 1.29 0.12 −0.02 −0.08, 0.05 0.61
6 months −12.21 −21.82, −2.59 0.01 −0.046 −0.07, −0.02 <0.001 −2.23 −9.52, 5.07 0.55 −9.83 −15.78, −3.88 0.001 0.02 −0.04, 0.08 0.56
1 year −18.15 −27.84, −8.47 <0.001 −0.051 −0.08, −0.03 <0.001 −1.51 −9.25, 6.23 0.70 −16.12 −22.45, −9.80 <0.001 0.03 −0.04, 0.09 0.41
2 years −19.09 −28.79, −9.38 <0.001 −0.042 −0.07, −0.02 <0.001 −15.51 −25.07, −5.96 0.001 −1.50 −9.36, 6.35 0.71 −0.11 −0.19, −0.03 <0.01
IGF-BP2 at 4 months
4 months −0.86 −1.66, −0.06 0.04 −0.002 −0.003, 0.00 0.06 −0.28 −0.90, 0.35 0.39 −0.55 −1.06, −0.04 0.04 −0.001 −0.01, 0.00 0.84
6 months −1.33 −2.13, −0.53 0.001 −0.004 −0.01, −0.00 <0.001 −0.40 −1.03, 0.23 0.21 0.88 −1.40, −0.37 <0.001 −0.001 −0.01, 0.00 0.77
1 year −1.07 −1.89, −0.25 0.01 −0.003 −0.01, −0.00 <0.001 −0.08 −0.99, 0.83 0.86 −1.48 −2.22, −0.73 <0.001 0.002 −0.01, 0.01 0.56
2 years −1.22 −2.06, −0.39 <0.01 −0.006 −0.01, −0.00 <0.001 −0.08 −0.92, 0.77 0.86 −0.44 −1.13, 0.25 0.21 0.001 −0.01, 0.01 0.68
IGF−BP3 at 4 months
4 months 0.41 0.13, 0.69 <0.01 0.001 −0.0002, 0.00 0.13 0.21 −0.01, 0.42 0.06 0.19 0.01, 0.37 0.04 0.001 −0.000130, 0.003448 0.07
6 months 0.55 0.27, 0.82 <0.001 0.001 −0.00002, 0.00 0.06 0.24 0.03, 0.45 0.03 0.31 0.13, 0.49 <0.001 0.001 −0.001, 0.003 0.15
1 year 0.44 0.15, 0.72 <0.01 0.001 −0.0001, 0.00 0.08 0.14 −0.16, 0.45 0.4 0.18 −0.08, 0.44 0.17 0.001 −0.001, 0.003 0.62
2 years 0.27 −0.03, 0.56 0.08 0.000 −0.0005, 0.00 0.46 −0.27 −0.56, 0.02 0.07 0.28 0.03, 0.53 0.03 −0.002 −0.005, 0.0004 0.10

Values are associations between metabolic and hormonal markers and growth and body composition using linear mixed model analysis adjusted for feeding group and sex. B, coefficients; BF, breast-fed; CTRL, control formula; mLP, modified low-protein formula.