ABI	ankle brachial index
BAR-GTN	brachial artery response to glyceryl trinitrate
CAD	cardiovascular disease
CAPD	continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
cIMT	carotid intima-media thickness
CKD	chronic kidney disease
Cl	confidence interval
COX-2	cycloxygenase-2
CRF	chronic renal failure
CRP	C-reactive protein
EMT	tubular epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
ESKD	end-stage kidney disease
ESRD	end-stage renal disease
FGF 23	fibroblast growth factor 23
GBM	glomerular basement membrane
HD	hemodialysis
HR	hazard ratio
HUVEC	human umbilical vein endothelial cells
IAA	indole acetic acid
IL-6	interleukin-6
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
IS	indoxyl sulphate
IRI	ischemia reperfusion injury
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
NO	nitric oxide
OAT1, OAT3	organic anion transporters
OCL	osteoclast
OR	odds ratio
OTUs	operational taxonomic units
PAG	Phenylacetylglutamine
PBUT	protein-bound uremic toxins
pCG	p-cresyl glucuronide
PCS	p-cresyl sulphate
PDGF	platelet-derived growth factor
PTA	percutaneous transluminal angioplasty
PTH	parathormon
PWV	pulse wave velocity
SDGT	Sodium-dependent glucose cotransporters
RAAS	renal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
ROS	reactive oxygen species
RTR	renal transplant recipients
SCFA	Short chain fatty acids
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor β1
TIMP	tissue inhibitor of matrix proteinase
TLRs	toll-like receptors
TMAO	trimethylamine N-oxide
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor-α
VMSC	vascular smooth muscle cell