Table 1.

Overview of applications for which clinical trials have been performed with hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI and their translation state towards clinical adaption.

Area of Interest	Publications	Human Trials	Translation State
Oncology	170	prostate: [7,20,22,23,24] pancreas: [27], breast: [28,29], brain: [9,20,32,153], kidney: [33]	High
Brain	37	[8,13,46]	Low
Heart	87	[5,54]	Medium
Kidney	31	-	Low
Liver	21	-	Low
Technical advances 1	349	-	-
Other 2	118	-	-

¹ Sequence, polarization, coils, etc. ² Other anatomical studies (e.g., lung, angiography, placenta, muscle), diseases (e.g., diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, toxin-induced neuroinflammation, radiation injury), and physiology (e.g., cell metabolism, pH, blood serum, bacteria metabolism).