Table 4.
Polyphenols content in flesh and whole fruit of “Limoncella,” “Red Delicious,” “Golden Delicious,” and “Annurca” cultivars detected by HRMS-Orbitrap. Values are expressed in μg g−1 (dw). Each value represents the mean of three biological and two technical replicates. Different letters denote a significant difference between cultivars within each part (flesh and peel) by analysis of variance [ANOVA]. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05, using Tukey’s post hoc test for mean separation. nd: not detected.
| Limoncella | Red Delicious | Golden Delicious | Annurca | Limoncella | Red Delicious | Golden Delicious | Annurca | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Polyphenols | Flesh | Whole fruit | ||||||
| procyanidin b1 | 171.12 ± 4.46 a | 65.39± 0.75 c | 16.46 ± 0.10 d | 96.30 ± 1.05 b | 174.231 ± 0.65 a | 65.099 ± 0.75 b | 22.106 ± 1.11 c | 94.358 ± 2.22 d |
| catechin | 268.58 ± 5.79 a | 137.02 ± 0.73 b | 17.16 ± 0.27 d | 123.27 ± 0.97 c | 256.232 ± 11.33 a | 127.500 ± 1.43 b | 20.547 ± 0.33 c | 116.345 ± 1.33 d |
| chlorogenic acid | 882.76 ± 19.94 a | 333.20 ± 10.49 c | 580.85 ± 7.30 b | 861.79 ± 6.02 a | 841.568 ± 2.44 a | 314.564 ± 8.22 b | 601.332 ± 11.77 c | 820.283 ± 14.22 a |
| caffeic acid | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.43 ± 0.02 a | 0.019 ± 0.001 b | 0.071 ± 0.001 c | 0.400 ± 0.001 a |
| procyanidin b2 | 149.98 ± 2.46 b | 75.95 ± 6.83 d | 104.48 ± 0.0 c | 164.74 ± 0.41 a | 157.181 ± 1.66 a | 84.545 ± 1.33 b | 115.327 1.11 c | 106.907 ± 0.22 d |
| epicatechin | 279.30 ± 3.66 b | 254.70 ± 3.90 c | 146.15 ± 6.58 d | 361.56 ± 4.68 a | 288.600 ± 1.66 a | 241.264 ± 0.33 b | 170.664 ± 2.44 c | 240.306 ± 3.33 b |
| epicatechin trimer | 31.71 ± 3.27 a | 32.81 ± 1.03 a | 20.89 ± 1.72 b | 30.60 ± 0.31 a | 34.740 ± 0.45 a | 45.821 ± 0.67 b | 25.623 ± 0.41 c | 32.566 ± 0.77 a |
| epicatechin tetramer | 2.44 ± 0.19 c | 4.60 ± 0.05 a | 2.90 ± 0.05 b | 2.84 ± 0.02 b | 4.932 ± 0.04 a | 5.566 ± 0.66 b | 3.349 ± 0.04 c | 1.902 ± 0.03 d |
| coumaroyl quinic acid | 3.45 ± 0–04 c | 27.36 ± 0.97 b | 26.41 ± 0.67 b | 70.27 ± 0.53 a | 3.304 ± 0.66 a | 24.855 ± 1.11 b | 22.61 0.88 2c | 65.383 ± 2.77 d |
| rutin | 0.35 ± 0.00 b | 0.12 ± 0.00 d | 0.26 ± 0.00 b | 0.55 ± 0.00 a | 2.784 ± 0.03 a | 1.311 ± 0.01 b | 2.064 ± 0.01a | 6.383 ± 0.44 c |
| phloretin-xylo-glucoside | 56.39 ± 0.44 b | 19.32 ± 0.13 d | 52.83 ± 0.39 c | 125.17 ± 0.65 a | 58.776 ± 1.44 a | 26.623 ± 0.77 b | 56.985 ± 1.11 a | 108.538 ± 0.88 c |
| hyperoside | 6.32 ± 0.06 b | 1.40 ± 0.14 d | 11.80 ± 0.30 a | 4.91 ± 0.34 c | 25.292 ± 0.77 a | 45.425 ± 0.71 b | 48.186 ± 0.99 b | 53.322 ± 1.22 c |
| phloridzin | 44.94 ± 0.07 b | 57.68 ± 0.70 a | 26.62 ± 0.27 c | 10.06 ± 0.27 d | 46.754 ± 0.88 a | 59.270 ± 1.11 b | 27.733 ± 0.66 c | 16.989 ± 0.56 d |
| kaempferolo-3-O-glucoside | 9.10 ± 0.18 b | 4.31 ± 0.02 d | 21.36 ± 0.32 a | 5.06 ± 0.01 c | 9.552 ± 0.78 a | 8.004 ± 0.55 b | 24.659 ± 0.66 c | 19.197 ± 0.63 d |
| isorhamnetin-glucoside | 0.94 ± 0.01 b | 0.93 ± 0.02 b | 3.40 ± 0.01 a | 0.74 ± 0.05 c | 1.598 ± 0.03 a | 3.154 ± 0.02 b | 3.060 0.05 b | 3.599 ± 0.01 c |
| apigenin-7-glucoside | 0.15 ± 0.00 b | 0.02 ± 0.00 c | 0.34 ± 0.01 a | 0.14 ± 0.00 b | 0.222 ± 0.01a | 0.087 ± 0.01 b | 0.301 ± 0.05 c | 0.275 ± 0.01 d |
| phloretin | 0.30 ± 0.01 c | 0.96 ± 0.01 a | 0.32 ± 0.00 c | 0.57 ± 0.00 b | 0.315 ± 0.002 a | 0.740 ± 0.001 b | 0.358 ± 0.001 a | 0.779 ± 0.02b |
| isorhamnetin derivative | nd | nd | nd | nd | 0.001 ± 0.0001a | 0.001 ± 0.0001a | nd | 0.440 ± 0.001b |
| Total polyphenols | 1907.84 ± 39.55 a | 1015.76 ± 24.04 b | 1032.23 ± 14.06 b | 1858.55 ± 13.46 a | 1906.520 ± 21.22 a | 1053.848 ± 12.22 b | 1144.976 ± 9.11 b | 1687.973 ± 24.11 c |