Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of randomized controlled trials and propensity-matched studies
| Author, year | Number of institutions | Number of ports | Number | Follow-up time | Primary outcome of interest | |||||
| Robot | Lap | Robot | Lap | |||||||
| Randomized controlled trials | ||||||||||
| Grochola, 2019 [27] | 1 | Single | Single | 30 | 30 | 1 year | Surgeon’s physical and mental stress load | |||
| Heemskerk, 2014 [32] | 1 | Multi | Multi | 11 | 11 | Discharge | Surgeon heart rate variability | |||
| Kudsi, 2017 [38] | 8 | Single | Multi | 83 | 53 | 3 months | Patient-perceived cosmesis, satisfaction, and quality of life | |||
| Pietrabissa, 2016 [46] | 1 | Single | Multi | 30 | 30 | 15 Months after study end | Postoperative pain | |||
| Author, year | Number of institutions | Number of ports | Number | Age (years), mean (SD) | BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | Matching characteristics | ||||
| Robot | Lap | Robot | Lap | Robot | Lap | Robot | Lap | |||
| Propensity-matched studies | ||||||||||
| Altiere, 2016 [16] | NR | Unspecified | Unspecified | 186 | 109,866 | NR | NR | NR | NR | Sex, race, insurance, region, year of surgery, comorbidities |
| Hagen, 2018a [30] | 1 | Single | Multi | 99 | 99 | 47.4 (12.6) | 47.0 (14.0)‡ | 26.2 (4.2) | 26.3 (4.9)‡ | Age, sex, race, BMI, comorbidities |
| Kane, 2020 [36] | 1 | Unspecified | Unspecified | 106 | 1060 | 41.5 (30–56)b | 43 (30–58)b,‡ | 30.1 (26.5–36.4)b | 30.2 (26.5–35.2)b,‡ | Age, BMI, ASA class |
| Main, 2017 [43] | 1 | Multi | Multi | 179 | 358 | 47.19 (14.92) | 45.91 (15.12)‡ | 38.85 (7.29) | 38.75 (6.72)‡ | Age, sex, BMI, indication, surgery date |
aNot formally propensity score-matched, case-matched analysis performed
bReported as median and interquartile range
‡p value ≧ 0.05