Table 1.

Therapeutic studies of bromelain based on experimental studies.

Fields of Study	Subjects	Dosage	Outcomes	References
Anti-inflammatory	Rats	10 and 20 mg/kg	Large reduction in exudate concentrations of both substance P and PGE2	[60]
Antimicrobial Activity	Streptococcus mutans , Enterococcus fecalis, Aggregatibacteractinomycetemcomitans (Aa), and Porphyromonasgingivalis	Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bromelain	S. mutans showed sensitivity at the lowest concentration of 2 mg/mL as compared to E. fecalis (31.25 mg/mL), while Pgingivalis showed sensitivity at the lowest concentration of 4.15 mg/mL as compared to Aa (16.6 mg/mL)	[128]
Antibiotic Potentiation	Rabbits	20–25mg/kg	Intramuscular and intraduodenal administration of bromelain enhanced penicillin-content of the cerebrospinal fluid, which normallyis much lower than in serum	[129,130]
Hepatic Microcirculation	140 Rats	0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/kg	Increased leukocyte adherence, apoptosis rate, Kupffer cell activation, and endothelial cell damage, AST and ALT levels were significantly increased, improved microcirculation, increased eNOS expression	[131]
Anti-ulcer activity	Rats	200 ng/kg	Ulcer index and total acidity level were significantly reduced.	[111]
Anti-tumoral activity	Mice	12.5 and 25 mg/kg	Significantly decreased the amount of lung metastasis used by LLC transplantation	[46]
Anthelmintic efficacy	Haemonchus contortus	150 μM concentration	Important adulticidal action on Haemonchus contortus to destroy all worms, damage their cuticle after 8 h of incubation, and eventually cause worms to disintegrate	[105]
	Female CD1 mice	Different concentrations	Decreased amount of Heligmosomoides polygyrus	[132]
	Chickens	1008 mg/kg, 504 mg/kg, 255 mg/kg	Total worm count was significantly decreased	[133]
	Mice	0.2 mL containing 240 nmol stem bromelain	24.5% reduction in worm burdens	[134]
Anti-rheumatic activity	Rats	50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg	Significantly reduced the swelling in the paw of rats	[135]
Antinociceptive	48 Wistar rats	30 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg	The thermal hyperalgesia and allodynic mechanical indices of neuropathic pain were greatly reduced by bromelain	[75]
Immunomodulatory	Mice	200 mg/mL	Bromelain improved T-cell-dependent, Ag-specific, B cell antibody responses	[63]
Anti-platelet Activity	Rats	1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg	Blood coagulation was delayed significantly	[17,130]