The effect of 1% DMSO pretreatment before differentiation on small intestinal differentiation. (a) Relative gene expression levels of CDX2, SOX17, Pax−6, Ki67, and LGR5 in human iPSC line K-derived small intestinal stem cells using the ACP protocol in the presence or absence of 1% DMSO. (b) Relative gene expression levels of CDX2, villin 1, CYP3A4, and P-gp in human iPSC line K-derived enterocytes using the ACP protocol with or without 1% DMSO. (c) Relative gene expression levels of CDX2, villin 1, CYP3A4, P-gp, and LGR5 in Windy-derived intestinal stem cells and enterocytes using the ACP protocol with or without 1% DMSO. Results are presented as means ± S.D. (n = 3). Human small intestine = 1. Levels of statistical significance: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.