Table 2.
General characteristics of obese women and newborn outcomes.
| Pre-Pregnancy Normal BMI (n = 593) |
Pre-Pregnancy Obesity (n = 98) |
||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Median (IQR) or n (%) | Median (IQR) or n (%) | p * |
| Pre−pregnancy weight (kg) | 60 (55−65) | 90 (87−97) | <0.0001 |
| Pre−pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 21.7 (20.3−23.2) | 32.7 (31.1−35.3) | <0.0001 |
| GWG (kg) | 14 (11−17) | 11 (7−16) | <0.0001 |
| GWG categories | <0.0001 | ||
| GWG above the range | 170 (28.7%) | 54 (55.1%) | |
| GWG in the range | 246 (41.5%) | 25 (25.5%) | |
| GWG below the range | 177 (29.8%) | 19 (19.4%) | |
| Primiparous women | 250 (42.2%) | 39 (39.8%) | 0.661 |
| Maternal age | 35 (30−37) | 36 (33−38) | 0.004 |
| Smoking | 90 (15.2%) | 25 (25.5%) | 0.011 |
| Education <12 years ** | 30 (5.8%) | 19 (22.4%) | <0.0001 |
| Lower financial status ** | 58 (19.2%) | 30 (50.8%) | <0.0001 |
| Pregnancy outcomes | |||
| Fetal sex, daughter | 287 (48.4%) | 46 (46.9%) | 0.789 |
| Gestational age (weeks) | 39 (38−40) | 39 (38−40) | 0.513 |
| Birth <37th week | 37 (6.2%) | 15 (15.3%) | 0.002 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3390 (3090−3670) | 3620 (2960−3980) | 0.021 |
| Birth weight categories | <0.0001 | ||
| <2500g | 32 (5.4%) | 13 (13.3%) | |
| 2500−4000g | 517 (87.2%) | 62 (63.3%) | |
| >4000g | 44 (7.4%) | 23 (23.5%) | |
| Birth weight categories | <0.0001 | ||
| <10th percentile | 42 (7.1%) | 10 (10.2%) | |
| 10−90th percentile | 503 (84.8%) | 64 (65.3%) | |
| >90th percentile | 48 (8.1%) | 24 (24.5%) | |
| Fetal growth restriction (FGR) | 12 (2.0%) | 5 (5.2%) | 0.065 |
| Preeclampsia (PE) | 9 (1.7%) | 9 (13.4%) | <0.0001 |
| GDM | 79 (13.3%) | 32 (32.7%) | <0.0001 |
| Cesarean section | 239 (40.3%) | 57 (58.2%) | 0.001 |
| APGAR in 5th minute <7 | 2 (0.3%) | (0%) | 1 |
* The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparisons of continuous variables (the variables were not normally distributed), for categorical ordered categories Cochran–Armitage test for trend was calculated, and for binomial categories the Pearson chi-square test (or Fisher exact test when Cochran assumption was not met) was used (p < 0.05 was assumed to be significant); ** Analyses for available data. BMI: Body mass index; GWG: Gestational weight gain; GDM: Gestational diabetes mellitus; APGAR: Appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.