Table 2.
Plants with antimicrobial activity.
| Scientific Name (Common Name) | Chemical Constituents | Spectrum of Action | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Aleurites moluccanus (Candlenut) | 3-acetyl aleuritolic acid, moluccanin | C. albicans, S. aureus, E. faecalis | [161] |
| Aloe barbadensis (Aloe vera) | Reducing sugar, tannins, anthraquinone, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids | S. aureus MRSA., K. pneumonia | [162] |
| Azadirachta indica (Neem) | Reducing sugar, tannins, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids | S. aureus, E. coli | [162] |
| Bergenia ciliata | Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids | S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, P. aeruginosa, E. coli | [163] |
|
Buchenavia Tomentosa (Merindiba) |
Ellagic acid, gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-rhamnopyranoside, quinic acid | E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, S. epidemidis | [164] |
| Bryophyllum pinnatum (Bryophyllum) | reducing sugar, tannins, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids | E. coli, S. aureus, P. mirabilis | [162] |
| Cannabis sativa | α-Pinene, myrcene, linalool, limonene, trans-β-ocimene, α-terpinolene, trans-caryophyllene, α-humulene, caryophyllene |
B. cereus, E. coli, B. subtilis, S. typhi | [165] |
| Caryophyllus aromaticus (Clove) | Essential oils (eugenol), tannins and flavonoids | S. aureus, S. choleraesuis, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, K. pneumoniae, K. pneumonia, Shigella spp., Proteus spp., P. aeruginosa | [166] |
| Crataegus azarolus var. aronia calli (Hawthorn) | Pro-anthocyanidins, flavonoid, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid and hyperoside | Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, M. luteus | [167] |
| Croton doctoris | Malic acid, scopoletin, ferulic acid, ent-18-hydroxy-trachyloban-3-one, crotonin, cajucarin B | A. naeslundii , L.acidophilus, S. gordonii, S. mutans, S. sanguinis, S. sobrinus, S. mitis | [168] |
| Croton urucurana (Baillon) | Borneol, bornyl acetate, 1-isopropyl-7-methyl-4-methylene-1,3,4,5,6,8-hexahydro-2H-naphthalen-4a-ol, sesquicineole g-gurjunene epoxide | S. aureus, S. epidermidis, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. setubal, K. pneumoniae, S. cerevisiae, C. neoformans | [169] |
| Curcuma longa (Turmeric) | Carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids, tannins | S. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | [170] |
| Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) | Carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins | S. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | [170] |
| Cymbopogon citratus (Lemongrass) | Tannins, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids | S. aureus MRSA., E. coli, K. pneumoniae | [162] |
| Dodonaea viscosa (Hopbush) | Terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, saponins | B. cereus, E.coli, S. typhi | [165] |
| Euphorbia helioscopia (Sun spurge) | Alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids | E. coli, B. subtilis, T. harzianum, S. typhi, K. pneumonia, S. aureus, B. subtilis | [171] |
| Jasminum officinale (Jasmine) | Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids | S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, E.coli | [163] |
| Melissa offficinalis (Lemon-balm) | Essential oils (containing citral and citronellal monoterpenes), flavonoids and rosmarinic, caffeic and chlorogenic acids | S. aureus, S. choleraesuis, K. pneumoniae | [166] |
| Ocimun basilicum (Basil) | Essential oils (linalool, estragol and eugenol), tannins and flavonoids | P. aeruginosa | [166] |
| Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) | Tannins, glycoside, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids | S. aureus MRSA., E. coli | [166] |
| Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) | Diterpenoids, polymethoxylated flavonoids, caffeic acid derivatives | C. albicans, S. aureus, E. faecalis, P. aeruginosa | [161] |
| Origanum vulgare (Oregano) | Reducing sugar, tannins, glycoside, saponins | S. aureus MRSA., Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, B. brevis, B. subtilis, S. aureus, C. xerosis, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. vulgaris, M. smegmatis | [162] |
|
Pimpinella anisum (Anise) |
Carbohydrates, saponins, flavonoids | E.coli, P. aeruginosa | [170] |
| Psidium guajava (Guava) | comarins, essential oils, flavonoids, triterpenes and ellagitannins | S. aureus, C. albicans | [166] |
| Punica granatum (Pomegranate) | Ellagitannins and alkaloids | P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis | [166] |
| Rosmarinus officinalis (Rosemary) | Flavonoids, phenolic acids (caffeic, chorogenic and rosmarinic) and essential oils (camphor and cineole) and diterpenes | B. subtilis, C. albicans, S. aureus MRSA., E. coli, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa | [162,166] |
| Santalum album (Indian sandalwood) | Tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids | S. aureus, B. subtilis, P. vulgaris, E. coli | [163] |
| Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade) | alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, volatile oils |
B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi | [165] |
| Syzygyum joabolanum (Jambolan) | Flavonoids and tannins | S. aureus, C. albicans, Proteus spp., K. pneumonia, Proteus spp., P. aeruginosa, E. aerogenes, S. aureus | [166] |
| Thymus vulgaris (Thyme) | Essential oils (mainly thymol and carvacrol), flavonoids, tannins and triterpenes | S. aureus, C. albicans, Proteus spp., P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus MRSA., P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae | [162,166] |
| Vitis vinifera (Grape) | Gallic acid | E. coli, S.s aureus | [172] |
| Woodfordia floribunda (Fire flame) | Diethyl phthalate, thymol, woodfordin C | C. albicans, S. aureus, E. faecalis | [161] |
| Zingiber officinale (Ginger) | Carbohydrates, alkaloids, steroids, saponins | S. pyogenes, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa | [170] |