Table 3.

The effects of different antibiotics on gut microbiota.

Antibiotic Representative	Effects on Intestinal Microbiota	Ref.
Clindamycin	↓ Bacteroides diversity	[184]
	↓ Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria	[185]
Clarithromycin	↓ Actinobacteria	[186,187]
	↓ Firmicutes ↑ Proteobacteria ↑ Bacteroidetes	[187]
Erythromycin	↓ Actinobacteria ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Proteobacteria	[188]
Penicillin Ampicillin	↓ Actinobacteria ↓ Firmicutes ↑ Proteobacteria	[188,189]
	↑ Bacteroidetes	[189]
Cephalosporins	↓ Firmicutes ↑ Bacteroidetes ↑ Proteobacteria	[189]
Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin	↑ Proteobacteria ↑ Bacteroidetes	[189]
	↓Gram-negative facultative anaerobes ↓Gram-positive anaerobes ↓ Bifidobacteria	[190]
Vancomycin	↓Total bacterial diversity ↓ Firmicutes ↓ Bacteroidetes	[191,192]
	↑ Proteobacteria	[192]
Bacitracin	↓ Firmicutes ↓ Bacteroidetes ↓Total bacterial diversity	[191]
Nitrofurantoin	↑ Actinobacteria ↑ Bifidobacteria ↑ Fecalibacterium genus	[193,194]
Rifaximin	↑ Bacterial diversity ↑ Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio	[195]
	↑ abundance of Lactobacilli	[196]

Note: The meaning of the symbols: ↑—stimulation of bacterial culture; ↓—inhibition of bacterial culture.