Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants according to the median of Δ in plant protein (percentage of energy (% E)) consumption.
| Variable | Decreased Plant Protein Intake (<P50 [−3.22,0.248]) |
Increased Plant Protein Intake (>P50 (0.248,5.57]) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 218 | 218 | |
| Age (years) | 57.4 (0.6) | 58.1 (0.6) | 0.4315 |
| Men/women (n) | 182/36 | 187/31 | 0.5953 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103.1 (0.7) | 101.8 (0.7) | 0.1961 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.6 (0.3) | 30.1 (0.3) | 0.2491 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 121.6 (4.2) | 122.8 (4) | 0.6761 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 164 (2.4) | 159.1 (2) | 0.1673 |
| c-LDL (mg/dL) | 93.28 (1.81) | 90.79 (1.61) | 0.3964 |
| c-HDL (mg/dL) | 45.14 (0.77) | 43.56 (0.66) | 0.1420 |
| Apo A1 (mg/dL) | 136.4 (1.6) | 131.5 (1.4) | 0.0303 |
| Apo B (mg/dL) | 74 (1.3) | 71.1 (1.1) | 0.1306 |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 2.4 (0.1) | 2.1 (0.1) | 0.4369 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.1 (0.7) | 92.5 (0.7) | 0.1002 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.94 (0.02) | 5.85 (0.02) | 0.0122 |
| Insulin (mU/L) | 9.05 (0.42) | 8.5 (0.42) | 0.3340 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.9 (0.1) | 2.6 (0.1) | 0.0148 |
| Treatment with statins, % | 83.7 | 90.4 | 0.0064 |
| Hypertension, % | 66.5 | 63.8 | 0.6153 |
| Current smoking, % | 8.25 | 6.9 | 0.7173 |
| Prior smoking, % | 67.0 | 70.2 | 0.5359 |
| Diet (Low-fat/Med diet) | 101/117 | 98/120 | 0.8475 |
Values expressed as mean (SEM). Δ, change; BMI, body mass index; TG: triglycerides; c-HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; c-LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; Apo A1: apolipoprotein A1; Apo B: apolipoprotein B; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; HbA1c: glycosylated haemoglobin; HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance. Continuous variables were analysed using t-test or Wilcoxon rank sum test for unpaired data when data did not fit the normal distribution. Categorical variables were analysed using χ2 test.