Table 2.

Changes in circulating biomarkers of participants in a randomized controlled crossover high green leafy vegetable dietary intervention.

	Baseline	Intervention Change		Control Change
All participants (n = 40)	Mean (SD)	Mean (SD)	p-value ¹	Mean (SD)	p-value ¹	p-value 2
Vitamin K1 (ng/mL)	0.1 (0.27)	0.48 (0.8)	0.0005	0.04 (0.72)	0.757	<0.001
8OHdG (ng/mL)	41.81 (18.18)	−8.05 (14.11)	0.001	1.25 (11.5)	0.507	<0.001
Fecal 8OHdG (µg/mL)	24.31 (54.52)	−12.06 (39.66)	0.040	−5.29 (29.41)	0.219	<0.001
TNFa (pg/mL)	156.15 (43.5)	−22.49 (47.41)	0.005	−5.21 (35.31)	0.369	<0.001
IL6 (pg/mL)	5.07 (3.17)	0.97 (3.46)	0.083	0.9 (5.13)	0.285	<0.001
CRP (pg/mL)	3251 (3965)	870 (3884)	0.926	−601 (3679)	0.321	0.945
Immediate Group (n = 21)
Vitamin K1 (ng/mL)	0.06 (0.18)	0.79 (0.97)	0.001	−0.10 (0.75)	0.550	0.004
8OHdG (ng/mL)	45.56 (22.02)	−11.23 (16.25)	0.005	4.74 (12.18)	0.090	0.003
Fecal 8OHdG (µg/mL)	38.33 (73.85)	−24.92 (53.23)	0.031	−6.41 (39.24)	0.432	<0.001
TNFa (pg/mL)	166.48 (56.68)	−22.54 (57.58)	0.088	−14.85 (41.51)	0.117	0.203
IL6 (pg/mL)	4.56 (2.09)	0.7 (3.67)	0.395	1.42 (3.06)	0.046	0.242
CRP (pg/mL)	3543 (4657)	−204 (4981)	0.853	−1249 (4516)	0.220	0.922
Delayed Group (n = 19)
Vitamin K1 (ng/mL)	0.15 (0.34)	0.14 (0.33)	0.072	0.20 (0.67)	0.231	<0.001
8OHdG (ng/mL)	36.95 (10.2)	−4.54 (10.64)	0.079	-3.06 (9.2)	0.189	<0.001
Fecal 8OHdG (µg/mL)	10.29 (14.51)	0.8 (5.92)	0.514	-4.16 (14.99)	0.187	<0.001
TNFa (pg/mL)	143.53 (8.1)	−22.42 (34.42)	0.011	6.69 (21.36)	0.215	<0.001
IL6 (pg/mL)	5.68 (4.11)	1.28 (3.27)	0.106	0.26 (6.95)	0.877	<0.001
CRP (pg/mL)	2893 (3005)	101 (2599)	0.867	200 (2136)	0.704	0.902

¹ within-group change during the 4-week period; ² within-group comparison between intervention and control periods using normalized data.