Table 3. Factors influencing the efficiencies of viral and physical/mechanical transfection methods.

	Virus transduction	Physical/mechanical transfection methods
		Electroporation	Laser beam	Nucleic acid injection	Ultrasound-assisted	Magnet-assisted
Factors affecting transfection efficiencies	(1) Virus type/generation (2) Cell type (3) Promoter present in viral vector (4) Presence of other substances during transduction	(1) Electroporation condition (duration and voltage used) (2) Number of electric pulses (3) Cell type (4) Electroporation buffer composition (5) Size and concentration of nucleic acids	(1) Laser condition (power density and duration) (2) Number of laser pulses (3) Cell type	(1) Number of injection repeat (2) Amount of injected nucleic acids (3) Size, shape and coating of needle (4) Cell type	(1) Ultrasound exposure condition (2) Number of pulses (3) Cell culture condition (4) Cell type (5) Amount of nucleic acids used	(1) Magnetic condition (oscillating or static conditions) (2) Modification of the magnetic nanoparticles (3) Number of pulses 4) Cell type
References	(Haas et al., 2000; Ikeda et al., 2002; Denning et al., 2013)	(Potter & Heller, 2003; Molnar et al., 2004; Yao et al., 2009; Hornstein et al., 2016; Chopra et al., 2020; Sherba et al., 2020)	(Stevenson et al., 2006; Terakawa et al., 2006; Tsen et al., 2009)	(Wells et al., 1998; Dahlhoff et al., 2012; Mellott, Forrest & Detamore, 2013; Chow et al., 2016)	(Ogawa, Tachibana & Kondo, 2006; Kinoshita & Hynynen, 2007; Zhou et al., 2012)	(Mykhaylyk et al., 2007; Fouriki et al., 2010; Kardos & Rabussay, 2012; Wang et al., 2014)